Handout 1, Final Part (Midterm Feb 5)

Question 1

most anterior segment of a vertebra

Answer 1

body

Question 2

two parts, connected to the body of a vertebra

Answer 2

pedicles

Question 3

two parts, connected to the pedicles

Answer 3

articular facets

Question 4

laterally projecting processes of the vertebra

Answer 4

transverse process

Question 5

two parts, connected to the articular facets of the vertebra

Answer 5

laminae

Question 6

part of vertebra formed by the junction of the laminae

Answer 6

spinous process

Question 7

the non-fusion of the lamina, a defect in the spinal column through which spinal cord tissue may protrude

Answer 7

spina bifida

Question 8

31 pairs of these make up the PNS, carries information to and from the spinal cord

Answer 8

spinal nerves

Question 9

carries both incoming and outgoing signals to and from the CNS

Answer 9

mixed nerves

Question 10

vertebral column consists of 24 of these

Answer 10

articulating vertebrae

Question 11

the top 7 vertebrae

Answer 11

cervical vertebrae

Question 12

12 vertebrae below the cervical

Answer 12

thoracic vertebrae

Question 13

5 vertebrae below the thoracic

Answer 13

lumbar vertebrae

Question 14

AKA for C1 vertebra

Answer 14

atlas

Question 15

AKA for C2 vertebra

Answer 15

axis

Question 16

part of the axis vertebra that the skull pivots on

Answer 16

dens

Question 17

large triangular bone at the base of the spinal column, consisting of (usually) 5 fused vertebrae

Answer 17

sacrum

Question 18

bottom of the sacrum connects to this bone

Answer 18

coccyx (tailbone)

Question 19

12 pairs of nerves that connect to the brain

Answer 19

cranial nerves

Question 20

incoming neurons, makes up one of the PNS’s two main divisions with their receptors

Answer 20

sensory/afferent neurons

Question 21

outgoing neurons, makes up one of the PNS’s two main divisions with their receptors

Answer 21

motor/efferent neurons

Question 22

system that sends motor neurons to skeletal muscles

Answer 22

somatic nervous system (SNS)

Question 23

system that sends motor neurons to the blood vessels, heart, smooth muscles, viscera, and glands

Answer 23

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Question 24

controls digestion and can function independently of other motor division systems

Answer 24

enteric nervous system (ENS)

Question 25

fight or flight division of autonomic nervous system

Answer 25

sympathetic nervous system (SyNS)

Question 26

resting and digesting division of autonomic nervous system

Answer 26

parasympathetic nervous system (PaNS)

Question 27

Effect of SyNS stimulation to the stomach and intestines

Answer 27

decreased motility and tone, contraction of sphincters

Question 28

Effect of SyNS stimulation to urinary bladder

Answer 28

relaxation of muscular wall, contraction of sphincters

Question 29

Effect of SyNS stimulation to arrector pili muscles

Answer 29

contraction/hair erection

Question 30

Effect of SyNS stimulation to sex organs

Answer 30

ejaculation

Question 31

Effect of SyNS stimulation to spleen

Answer 31

contraction and discharge of stored blood

Question 32

Effect of SyNS stimulation to lungs, bronchial tissue

Answer 32

relaxation/airway dilation

Question 33

Effect of PaNS stimulation to the stomach and intestines

Answer 33

increased motility and tone, relaxation of sphincters

Question 34

Effect of PaNS stimulation to the urinary bladder

Answer 34

contraction of muscular wall, relaxation of sphincters

Question 35

Effect of PaNS stimulation to arrector pili muscles

Answer 35

no known effect

Question 36

Effect of PaNS stimulation to sex organs

Answer 36

erectile tissue

Question 37

Effect of PaNS stimulation to spleen

Answer 37

no known effect

Question 38

Effect of PaNS stimulation to lungs, bronchial muscle

Answer 38

contraction/airway constriction

Question 39

term for "scar tissue"

Answer 39

sclerosis

Question 40

term for "causes"

Answer 40

etiologies

Question 41

term for "tingling"

Answer 41

paresthesia

Question 42

term for "loss of coordination of muscles"

Answer 42

ataxia

Question 43

partial motor paralysis

Answer 43

paresis

Question 44

extreme dizziness

Answer 44

vertigo

Question 45

term for "likely to change"

Answer 45

lability

Question 46

difficulty in speech articulation due to poor muscular control

Answer 46

dysarthria

Question 47

innermost layer of blood vessels, consists of endolethium

Answer 47

tunica intima

Question 48

smooth protective layer or blood vessel, makes up the tunica intima

Answer 48

endolethium

Question 49

the middle layer of blood vessels, consists of smooth muscle

Answer 49

tunica media

Question 50

outermost layer of blood vessel, consists of connective tissue

Answer 50

tunica adventitia

Question 51

microscopic blood vessels, walls are once cell thick

Answer 51

capillary

Question 52

band of smooth muscle that adjusts blood flow into capillaries

Answer 52

precapillary sphincter

Question 53

cylindrical muscle that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice, and relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning

Answer 53

sphincter

Question 54

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Answer 54

arteries

Question 55

blood vessels that carry blood to the heart

Answer 55

veins

Question 56

liquid matrix found in blood

Answer 56

plasma

Question 57

cells and cell fragments found in blood

Answer 57

formed elements

Question 58

blood cells produced by red bone marrow, contain hemoglobin, aka erythrocytes

Answer 58

red blood cells

Question 59

a protein in blood cells that transports oxygen

Answer 59

hemoglobin

Question 60

blood cells that perform immune functions, recognize and destroy invaders, aka leukocytes

Answer 60

white blood cells

Question 61

cell fragments involved in blood clotting

Answer 61

platelets

Question 62

the process of the stoppage of bleeding

Answer 62

hemostasis

Question 63

blood vessel contractions as part of hemostasis

Answer 63

vascular spasm

Question 64

mass made of platelets, releases serotonin in order to cause a sustained contraction of vascular smooth muscle

Answer 64

platelet plug

Question 65

neurotransmitter involved in hemostasis, among other functions

Answer 65

serotonin

Question 66

one kind of plasma protein, creates clots when combined with platelets

Answer 66

fibrin

Question 67

liver cells, produce plasma proteins

Answer 67

hepatocytes

Question 68

fibrin mixing with platelets, allows permanent repair of damaged blood vessels

Answer 68

clot formation

Question 69

component that contains neither blood cells nor clotting factors but includes all proteins and other substances not used in blood clotting

Answer 69

serum

Question 70

an inherited disorder characterized by a permanent tendency to bleed

Answer 70

hemophilia

Question 71

term for "clotting"

Answer 71

coagulation

Question 72

term for "bleed"

Answer 72

hemorrhage

Question 73

a fibrin clot that forms within a blood vessel or the chambers of the heart

Answer 73

thrombus

Question 74

a dislodged thrombus, clump of tissue, gas bubble, fat globule, etc. that has lodged in a blood vessel and is obstructing it

Answer 74

embolus

Question 75

a sac-like enlargement of a blood vessel caused by a weakening of its wall

Answer 75

aneurysm

Question 76

any condition in which the number of red blood cells or amount of hemoglobin in the blood is reduced

Answer 76

anemia

Question 77

term for "paleness"

Answer 77

pallor

Question 78

a bluish hue to the skin, gums, fingernails, or mucous membranes caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood

Answer 78

cyanosis

Question 79

system consisting of lymphatic vessels, nodes, and associated tissue (ex: tonsils)

Answer 79

lymphatic system

Question 80

term for "fats"

Answer 80

lipids

Question 81

fluid surrounding cells

Answer 81

interstitial fluid

Question 82

term for "chest"

Answer 82

thorax

Question 83

an accumulation of an excessive amount of interstitial fluid

Answer 83

edema

Question 84

neck area

Answer 84

cervical region

Question 85

armpit area

Answer 85

axillary region

Question 86

groin area

Answer 86

inguinal region