most anterior segment of a vertebra
body
two parts, connected to the body of a vertebra
pedicles
two parts, connected to the pedicles
articular facets
laterally projecting processes of the vertebra
transverse process
two parts, connected to the articular facets of the vertebra
laminae
part of vertebra formed by the junction of the laminae
spinous process
the non-fusion of the lamina, a defect in the spinal column through which spinal cord tissue may protrude
spina bifida
31 pairs of these make up the PNS, carries information to and from the spinal cord
spinal nerves
carries both incoming and outgoing signals to and from the CNS
mixed nerves
vertebral column consists of 24 of these
articulating vertebrae
the top 7 vertebrae
cervical vertebrae
12 vertebrae below the cervical
thoracic vertebrae
5 vertebrae below the thoracic
lumbar vertebrae
AKA for C1 vertebra
atlas
AKA for C2 vertebra
axis
part of the axis vertebra that the skull pivots on
dens
large triangular bone at the base of the spinal column, consisting of (usually) 5 fused vertebrae
sacrum
bottom of the sacrum connects to this bone
coccyx (tailbone)
12 pairs of nerves that connect to the brain
cranial nerves
incoming neurons, makes up one of the PNS’s two main divisions with their receptors
sensory/afferent neurons
outgoing neurons, makes up one of the PNS’s two main divisions with their receptors
motor/efferent neurons
system that sends motor neurons to skeletal muscles
somatic nervous system (SNS)
system that sends motor neurons to the blood vessels, heart, smooth muscles, viscera, and glands
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
controls digestion and can function independently of other motor division systems
enteric nervous system (ENS)
fight or flight division of autonomic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system (SyNS)
resting and digesting division of autonomic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system (PaNS)
Effect of SyNS stimulation to the stomach and intestines
decreased motility and tone, contraction of sphincters
Effect of SyNS stimulation to urinary bladder
relaxation of muscular wall, contraction of sphincters
Effect of SyNS stimulation to arrector pili muscles
contraction/hair erection
Effect of SyNS stimulation to sex organs
ejaculation
Effect of SyNS stimulation to spleen
contraction and discharge of stored blood
Effect of SyNS stimulation to lungs, bronchial tissue
relaxation/airway dilation
Effect of PaNS stimulation to the stomach and intestines
increased motility and tone, relaxation of sphincters
Effect of PaNS stimulation to the urinary bladder
contraction of muscular wall, relaxation of sphincters
Effect of PaNS stimulation to arrector pili muscles
no known effect
Effect of PaNS stimulation to sex organs
erectile tissue
Effect of PaNS stimulation to spleen
no known effect
Effect of PaNS stimulation to lungs, bronchial muscle
contraction/airway constriction
term for “scar tissue”
sclerosis
term for “causes”
etiologies
term for “tingling”
paresthesia
term for “loss of coordination of muscles”
ataxia
partial motor paralysis
paresis
extreme dizziness
vertigo
term for “likely to change”
lability
difficulty in speech articulation due to poor muscular control
dysarthria
innermost layer of blood vessels, consists of endolethium
tunica intima
smooth protective layer or blood vessel, makes up the tunica intima
endolethium
the middle layer of blood vessels, consists of smooth muscle
tunica media
outermost layer of blood vessel, consists of connective tissue
tunica adventitia
microscopic blood vessels, walls are once cell thick
capillary
band of smooth muscle that adjusts blood flow into capillaries
precapillary sphincter
cylindrical muscle that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice, and relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning
sphincter
blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
arteries
blood vessels that carry blood to the heart
veins
liquid matrix found in blood
plasma
cells and cell fragments found in blood
formed elements
blood cells produced by red bone marrow, contain hemoglobin, aka erythrocytes
red blood cells
a protein in blood cells that transports oxygen
hemoglobin
blood cells that perform immune functions, recognize and destroy invaders, aka leukocytes
white blood cells
cell fragments involved in blood clotting
platelets
the process of the stoppage of bleeding
hemostasis
blood vessel contractions as part of hemostasis
vascular spasm
mass made of platelets, releases serotonin in order to cause a sustained contraction of vascular smooth muscle
platelet plug
neurotransmitter involved in hemostasis, among other functions
serotonin
one kind of plasma protein, creates clots when combined with platelets
fibrin
liver cells, produce plasma proteins
hepatocytes
fibrin mixing with platelets, allows permanent repair of damaged blood vessels
clot formation
component that contains neither blood cells nor clotting factors but includes all proteins and other substances not used in blood clotting
serum
an inherited disorder characterized by a permanent tendency to bleed
hemophilia
term for “clotting”
coagulation
term for “bleed”
hemorrhage
a fibrin clot that forms within a blood vessel or the chambers of the heart
thrombus
a dislodged thrombus, clump of tissue, gas bubble, fat globule, etc. that has lodged in a blood vessel and is obstructing it
embolus
a sac-like enlargement of a blood vessel caused by a weakening of its wall
aneurysm
any condition in which the number of red blood cells or amount of hemoglobin in the blood is reduced
anemia
term for “paleness”
pallor
a bluish hue to the skin, gums, fingernails, or mucous membranes caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood
cyanosis
system consisting of lymphatic vessels, nodes, and associated tissue (ex: tonsils)
lymphatic system
term for “fats”
lipids
fluid surrounding cells
interstitial fluid
term for “chest”
thorax
an accumulation of an excessive amount of interstitial fluid
edema
neck area
cervical region
armpit area
axillary region
groin area
inguinal region
