Head

Question 1

what is sexual dimorphism

Answer 1

only one member of the sex will exhibit a structure or physical characteristic

Question 2

examples of sexual dimorphism (antlers, horns, teeth)

Answer 2

• antlers: deer, moose, elk males only
• horns: both sexes except dorset sheep
• teeth: horse canines in mares often small, may not erupt

Question 3

what is rule of 7/11

Answer 3

• basic mammal has 11 teeth in each of the 4 quadrants or less
• basic mammal has 7 deciduous teeth or less

Question 4

how are the canine teeth of dogs and horses different

Answer 4

• puppies have deciduous and permanent canines

- horses only have permanent canine teeth

Question 5

what distinguishes the appearance of molars and premolars in general

Answer 5

-premolars have deciduous precursors (horses are the exception)

Question 6

directional terms for tooth sides

Answer 6

• labial = lip side (incisors, canines)
• buccal = cheek side (cheek teeth)
• lingual = tongue side (incisors, mandibular teeth)
• palatal = hard palate side (upper cheek teeth)
• occlusal = chewing surface

Question 7

what is dental occlusion

Answer 7

contact between maxillary and mandibular teeth

Question 8

which equine teeth are non-occlusal and why

Answer 8

canines and wolf teeth

Question 9

what is the apical end of a tooth

Answer 9

opposite from the crown

Question 10

significance of temporary tuberosities (eruption bumps)

Answer 10

• occur at the apical end of mandibular cheek teeth 2-4

- occur because unerupted permanent teeth are so long that there is not enough room for them in the mandible

Question 11

why are temporary tuberosities temporary

Answer 11

eruption is a continuous process throughout life

Question 12

compare and contrast brachydont and hypsodont teeth

Answer 12

• brachydont: eruption process finished shortly after initial eruption (most common)
• hypsodont: eruption is continuous throughout life, but growth of the teeth stops at a young age

Question 13

crowns

Answer 13

• erupted part of tooth = clinical crown

- unerupted part of tooth = reserve crown

Question 14

what tooth is brachydont in horses

Answer 14

• wolf teeth are brachydont

- canine teeth are between brachy and hypso

Question 15

what is dental attrition and how does it sharpen teeth

Answer 15

• grinding down of teeth due to wear on the occlusal surfaces
• causes shortening, enamel worn down less and is sharpened

Question 16

what is meant by the term cheek teeth

Answer 16

premolars and molars

Question 17

which premolar does not belong to the cheek teeth

Answer 17

PM1

Question 18

what is the PM or M number of cheek teeth 1, 3, and 6

Answer 18

CT1 = PM2, CT3 = PM4, CT6 = M2

Question 19

compare and contrast cheek teeth of horse and cattle

Answer 19

• horses: PM2-4 are about same size as molars (molarization) –> increased chewing efficiency
• horses have more developed cheek teeth

Question 20

compare camelid and ruminant dentition

Answer 20

• both have dental pads
• camelids have upper canines and I3 in addition to dental pad
• camelid lower canines are differentiated from incisors
• ruminans: canine is I4
• fighting teeth in camelids are upper canines and I3

Question 21

what are the tusks of swine and elephants

Answer 21

• swine: canines

- elephants: upper I2s

Question 22

how are tusks similar to rodent incisors

Answer 22

• continuous growth and eruption

- wide open root to facilitate growth (increase in length) throughout life

Question 23

significance of infolded enamel

Answer 23

allows for longer cutting edge to be crammed into the small space occupied by a tooth

Question 24

in what 2 ways does enamel infolding occur

Answer 24

• at the periphery of the tooth (increases the length of the enamel cutting edge)
• at occlusal surface to form the infundibula

Question 25

cup v infundibulum

Answer 25

cup is the depression in the infundibulum and is often filled with black decaying material

Question 26

enamel spot v dental star

Answer 26

- enamel spot is the bottom of the cup | - dental star is a darker, secondary dentin filling the pulp cavity that is rostral to the enamel spot

Question 27

which teeth have infundibula and how many in the horse/ox

Answer 27

- incisors, upper cheek teeth have infundibula - all upper cheek teeth have 2 in horses - ruminants have 1 in the PM and 2 in molars

Question 28

what forms the ruminant corner teeth

Answer 28

I3 and I4

Question 29

what is the dental pad and in which animals

Answer 29

- heavily cornified epithelium used, in conjunction with the lower incisors, to grind food - replaces the upper incisors and canines - ruminants and camelids

Question 30

what is the wolf tooth? why removed? why are they not cheek teeth?

Answer 30

- PM1 in horses - removed to prevent interference with bit - they don't sit in the cheek area like other PM/M

Question 31

caps

Answer 31

deciduous tooth remaining attached to its permanent replacement (Dp2-4)

Question 32

alveolus

Answer 32

bony sockets of the incisive, mandible, and maxillary bones in which the roots of the teeth are embedded

Question 33

deciduous teeth

Answer 33

- "baby teeth" that develop early in life to give the young animal a functional set of teeth - smaller and fewer in number than permanent teeth

Question 34

at what age will a horse obtain a full in wear deciduous mouth? a full in wear permanent mouth?

Answer 34

- full deciduous: 9 months (2 years??) | - permanent: 5 years

Question 35

what 2 equine teeth are most often not present in either gender?

Answer 35

upper and lower PM1

Question 36

which 4 tooth numbers are most often not present in most mares

Answer 36

canines (#4)

Question 37

which numbers are not present as deciduous teeth

Answer 37

canines (4), molars (8-10)

Question 38

which numbers are most likely to cause problems with bits

Answer 38

105 and 205 (wolf teeth)

Question 39

what are the 2 major factors used in dental age estimation

Answer 39

- eruption dates (most reliable) | - wear (first "in wear" and then "level" when occlusal surface is worn down)

Question 40

why are hypsodont teeth protected from abscess

Answer 40

enamel protects the unerupted portion of the tooth from bacterial penetration

Question 41

what happens instead of an abscess in hypsodont teeth

Answer 41

alveolar periostitis (inflammation of the alveolar periosteum)

Question 42

horns v antlers

Answer 42

- horns: hollow, don't shed, polled, not branched | - antlers: solid, shed annually, no polling, branched

Question 43

what is polled

Answer 43

horns that do not develop

Question 44

what are some polled breeds

Answer 44

- cattle: polled hereford, red polled ostland, swedish red polled - goat: chedgde polled - sheep: polled dorset

Question 45

why is polled a problem for goats

Answer 45

associated with hermaphrodism in homozygotes

Question 46

how could a breeder breed for polled goat kids without getting defects

Answer 46

heterozygotes are carriers --> breed homozygous polled with homozygous horned, half will be polled but no hermaphrodites