Pharynx/larynx

Question 1

boundaries of pharynx (overall)

Answer 1

• dorsally by nasal septum
• rostrally by hard palate
• caudally by trachea and roof of nasopharynx
• ventrally by tongue

Question 2

boundaries of nasopharynx

Answer 2

• rostrally by soft and hard palate
• dorsally by nasal septum
• caudally by roof of nasopharynx
• ventrally by palatopharyngeal arch

Question 3

boundaries of oropharynx

Answer 3

• dorsally by soft palate

- ventrally by tongue

Question 4

boundaries of laryngopharynx

Answer 4

• dorsally by epiglottis

- caudally by trachea

Question 5

what is alar cartilage

Answer 5

supports the nasal rim of the nostril

Question 6

what is the vomer

Answer 6

gutter-shaped bone supporting the floors of the cartilaginous nasal septum (caudal ventral in the septum)

Question 7

ostium

Answer 7

• mouth or orifice
• opening into a tubular organ
• area between 2 distinct body cavities

Question 8

orifice

Answer 8

• entrance or outlet in any body cavity

- any foramen, meatus, or opening

Question 9

meatus

Answer 9

• opening or passage (4 nasal passageways)

- ventral/middle/dorsal/common nasal meatus

Question 10

pharynx

Answer 10

crossroads of the digestive and respiratory tracts

Question 11

auditory tube

Answer 11

narrow channel connecting the nasopharynx to the middle ear

Question 12

what is an obligate nasal breather and what species

Answer 12

cannot breathe through mouth (horses, camelids)

Question 13

how do tonsils differ from lymph nodes

Answer 13

• tonsils are lymphoepithelial structures made up of aggregations of unencapsulated lymph nodes within various mucosa
• lymph nodes are made up of lymphoid tissue as well but consist of an outer cortical and an inner medullary part (main source of lymphocytes)

Question 14

unique anatomy of the bovine palatine tonsil

Answer 14

• like a leaf with veins opening into the oropharynx

- buried deep and only an orifice is visible

Question 15

what is the piriform recess

Answer 15

• pair of gutters that run beside the rostral projection of the larynx, below the epiglottis, and into the parynx
• lateral to the larynx and form the ventral part of the laryngeal pharynx

Question 16

functional significance of the piriform recess

Answer 16

helpful to the ox because it lets saliva dribble down to the esophagus without swallowing mass amounts of saliva to buffer the rumen

Question 17

topography of the equine auditory tube diverticula

Answer 17

• gutteral pouches (membranous expansions of the auditory tubes)
• right and left pouches divided by a septum
• each side divided into medial and lateral compartments by stylohyoid bone

Question 18

what is clinical significance of auditory tube diverticula

Answer 18

many important structures lie against the lateral wall

Question 19

what vessels, nerves, lymph nodes lie adjacent to gutteral pouches

Answer 19

• internal carotid
• external carotid
• retropharyngeal lymph nodes
• cranial nerves IX, X, XI, XII

Question 20

what muscles pull the hyoid apparatus rostral and caudal

Answer 20

• caudal/ventral: sternohyoideus/thyroideus

- rostral: geniohyoideus

Question 21

how could you pull the larynx forward to aid intubation

Answer 21

pull the tongue

Question 22

what component of the hyoid apparatus is the largest and which bears a lingual process in the horse

Answer 22

• largest: stylohyoid

- basihyoid has a lingual process

Question 23

where is the hyoid apparatus attached to the skull

Answer 23

at the base of the skull by the cartilage of the auditory tube

Question 24

what is the only hyoid bone to cross the midline

Answer 24

basihyoid

Question 25

what are 4 functions of the glottis in domestic mammals

Answer 25

- prevent entry of debris into trachea - create negative pressure in the thorax - trap air inthe chest during the abdominal press - dislodge foreign matter from the vestibule

Question 26

glottic cleft v glottis

Answer 26

- glottic cleft: narrow passageway through the glottis | - glottis: vocal folds + arytenoid cartilages and covering mucosa

Question 27

shape, composition, position of epiglottis

Answer 27

- shape = flap - composition = elastic cartilage - position = entry to larynx

Question 28

shape, composition, position of thyroid cartilages

Answer 28

- shape = U shaped, large - composition = hyaline cartilage - position = cradles larynx

Question 29

shape, composition, position of cricoid cartilages

Answer 29

- shape = ring - composition = hyaline cartilage - position = surrounds larynx, wide dorsally to furnish attachment for cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle

Question 30

shape, composition, position of arytenoid cartilage

Answer 30

- shape = small and triangular - composition = hyaline cartilage - position = ventral angle is the vocal process to which the vocal ligament and vocalis muscle attaches, lateral angle is the muscular process to which the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle attaches, articulates with cricoid cartilage

Question 31

which laryngeal cartilage is paired

Answer 31

arytenoid

Question 32

which laryngeal cartilage forms a complete ring

Answer 32

cricoid

Question 33

2 unique features of equine thyroid cartilage

Answer 33

- prominent thyroid notch | - ossified portion

Question 34

why is the respiratory tract lined with cartilage from nostril to small bronchioles

Answer 34

needs to maintain patency (unobstructed/open) of the airways

Question 35

what is the relationship of vocal folds to the laryngeal ventricle

Answer 35

-animals with true vocal folds have laryngeal ventricles

Question 36

true vocal folds and laryngeal ventricles are found in which domestic species

Answer 36

human, dog, horse, pig

Question 37

what is found in species without vocal fold/laryngeal ventricle and how does it affect phonation

Answer 37

- ruminants and cats have vocal ridge | - softer vocalization

Question 38

what are major muscles of larynx?

Answer 38

- cricoarytenoideus dorsalis - cricoarytenoideus lateralis - vocalis - cricothroid

Question 39

function, innervation of cricoarytenoideus dorsalis

Answer 39

- dilate glottis, pull vocal folds lateral | - recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 40

function, innervation of cricoarytenoideus lateralis

Answer 40

- constrict glottis, pull vocal folds medial | - recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 41

function, innervation of vocalis muscle

Answer 41

- relaxes vocal fold, pulls arytenoid cartilage down | - recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 42

innervation of cricothyroid muscle

Answer 42

cranial laryngeal nerve

Question 43

what is the afferent nerve of the gag reflex that occurs when a foreign material enters larynx

Answer 43

cranial laryngeal nerve

Question 44

why is roaring called laryngeal hemiplasia

Answer 44

paralyzes the larynx due to recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, mostly left side only

Question 45

what anatomic differences of the topography of the recurrent laryngeal nerves are probably responsible for the asymmetry

Answer 45

intrathoracic course of the recurrent nerve differs from left to right (left more susceptible)