Head and Neck

Question 1

What are the cranial bones? (6)

Answer 1

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

Question 2

What are the fibrous sutures?

Answer 2

coronal, saggital, squamous and lambdoid

Question 3

What does the coronal suture join?

Answer 3

frontal and parietal bones

Question 4

What does the saggital suture join?

Answer 4

parietal bones

Question 5

What does the squamous suture join?

Answer 5

squamous part of the temporal bone and parietal bone

Question 6

what does the lambdoid suture join?

Answer 6

occipital bone with parietal and temporal

Question 7

what is the pterion?

Answer 7

convergence of the sutures of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones

Question 8

What are the facial bones? (7)

Answer 8

maxilla, mandible, nasal, zygomatic, lacrimal, vomer and palatine

Question 9

How do they facial bones articulate?

Answer 9

all by immovable joints with the exception of the mandible (synovial condyloid joints)

Question 10

Which facial bone are unpaired?

Answer 10

mandible, vomer and ethmoid

Question 11

What are the bones of the nasal septum?

Answer 11

1. ethmoid (superior midline)
   
   2. vomer (inferior midline)
2. inferior nasal conchae

Question 12

What is the Calvaria and where is it thick and thin?

Answer 12

Formed by squamous part of frontal bone, parietal bones and occipital bones

Thick= frontal and occipital bones

Thin = parietal bone

Question 13

what are the four main groups of muscles of facial expression?

Answer 13

Orbital group
Nasal group
oral group
other group

Question 14

What is the muscle that makes up the orbital group of facial expression muscles?

Answer 14

Orbicularis oculi

Question 15

What are the actions of the Orbicularis oculi?

Answer 15

Ring of muscle around eye

Action = gentle closure of eyelid (palpebral part)

Forcible closure of eyelid (orbital eyelid)

Question 16

What are the two parts of the nasalis and what are their actions?

Answer 16

Has transverse and alar parts

Action = narrows nosrils (transverse) dilates (alar)

Question 17

What muscles make up the oral group of the facial expression muscles? (7)

Answer 17

orbicularis oris

buccinator,

zygomatic major

zygomatic minor

Risorius

depressor anguli oris

mentalis.

Question 18

orbicularis oris

Answer 18

Around lips

Closes mouth and used for kissing

Question 19

Buccinator

Answer 19

Deep muscle of cheek

Forcibly expresses air and chewing

Question 20

What are the muscles that assist in smiling?

Answer 20

Major Zygomatic: Raises the angle of mouth superolateral (smiling)

Minor Zygomatic : elevates upper lip

Risoriius: Draws mouth/ stretches lip laterally

Question 21

depressor anguli oris

Answer 21

Depresses angle of mouth

Question 22

Mentalis

Answer 22

Cover chin

Elevates and protrudes lower lip (pouting)

Positions lip in drinking

Question 23

Platysma

Answer 23

Superficial neck muscle from clavicle to mandible

Tenses skin of neck and depresses mandible

Question 24

Outline the sensory components of the trigeminal nerve (somatosensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic)

Answer 24

Somatosensory
Skin of face, mucosa of sinuses, nose and oral cavity

Sympathetic
Pupil dilation, supplies ciliary body, irirs and lacrimal gland

Parasympathetic
Lacrima glands, nasal mucosa and submandibular and sublingual glands

Question 25

What are the main muscles of the Anteriolateral neck?

Answer 25

Sternocleidomastoid Infrahyoid Suprahyoid Scalenes

Question 26

What are the borders of the anterior trangle?

Answer 26

Anterior margin of SCM (laterally) Inferior margin of mandible (superiorly) midline of neck (medially)

Question 27

What innervates muscles of facial expression?

Answer 27

Facial nerve CN VII

Question 28

what nerve gives sensory innervation of the face?

Answer 28

trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Question 29

What are the branches of the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 29

1. ophthalmic (CN V1) 2. maxillary (CN V2) 3. mandibular (CN V3)

Question 30

what is the vertex? why is it significant?

Answer 30

1. anatomically, the most superior part of the skull 2. the point at which innervation *changes* from **cervical** to **cranial innervation**

Question 31

Where is the phrenic nerve located? spinal roots?

Answer 31

1. posterior to the internal jugular vein, overlying the anterior scalene 2. C3-C5

Question 32

Action and innervation of Suprahyoids

Answer 32

Action: elevates hyoid bone (if mandible fixed) and depresses (if hyoid is fixed) innervation: facial nerve (CN VII), mandibular nerve of trigemninal nerve (CN V3) and anterior ramus of C1.

Question 33

What is the action of the infrahyoids?

Answer 33

depresses the hyoid bone

Question 34

what is in the innervation of the hyoid bone?

Answer 34

anterior rami C1-3 thouhh ansa cervicalis

Question 35

what is the ansa cervicalis?

Answer 35

loop of anterior rami nerves from C1-C3

Question 36

what are the movements of the SCM?

Answer 36

- neck flexion (bilateral contraction) - lateral flexion of the neck (ipsilateral unilateral contraction) - contralateral rotation of the neck (unilateral contraction)

Question 37

Innervation of the SCM.

Answer 37

accessory nerve (CN XI) Anterior rami of C2-3

Question 38

where are the scalenes?

Answer 38

deep to the SCM - 1st and 2nd ribs

Question 39

movements of the scalenes.

Answer 39

- lateral flexion of the neck (unilateral contraction) - contralateral rotation of the neck (unilateral contraction) - elevate the first 2 ribs (accessory muscle of inspiration)

Question 40

innervation of the scalenes

Answer 40

anterior rami of C3-C7

Question 41

What innervates the muscles of facial expression?

Answer 41

facial nerve (CN VII)

Question 42

name the branches of the trigeminal nerve.

Answer 42

1. ophthalmic (CN V1) 2. maxillary (CN V2) 3. mandibular (CN V3)

Question 43

Where is the phrenic nerve located? spinal roots?

Answer 43

Where: posterior to the internal jugular vein, overlying the anterior scalene roots: C3-C5

Question 44

What is the name of the arteries that supply the head? What do they supply?

Answer 44

internal carotid - goes to the brain external carotid- gives origin to the facial artery

Question 45

What vessels provide venous drainage of the head?

Answer 45

1. internal jugular vein (drains the facial vein) 2. external jugular vein

Question 46

What are the muscles of masification?

Answer 46

Primary: Masseter. Temporalis. Lateral pterygoid. Medial pterygoid. Secondary (accessory) = Buccinator. Suprahyoid and infrahyoids muscles

Question 47

From which foramen does the Facial nerve (CN VII) exit the skull?

Answer 47

stylomastoid

Question 48

What is the region located just lateral to the angle of the mouth where multiple muscles interlace is known as?

Answer 48

Modiolus

Question 49

Which branch of the Trigeminal nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?

Answer 49

Mandibular