Nervous system and embryology Flashcards by Alexi Cross

Differentiate between visceral and somatic nerve fibres

Visceral

messages from organs, viscera of thoracic and abdominal cavities

Somatic

Impulses from outside body or via movements of muscles and joints

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 4 main regions of the brain?

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Brain Stem

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many lobes does the cerebrum have and what are their functions?

Frontal: voluntary motor movement, verbal communication and cognitive skills.

Temporal: Hearing, smell, emotion

Parietal: Conscious awareness of sensations. Somatic sensation and integration.

Occipital: Visual awareness and processing

Insula: pain and visceral sensation. Taste and memory.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

Motor learning

Equilibrium and posture

Smoothens movements

Receives proprioceptive information

Coordinates body position.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the general function of the Diencephalon and the functions of its two components?

General function

Relay info from cerebrum to other functional centers

Two components

Hypothalamus: homeostasis

Thalamus: relay station for sensory impulses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the general functions of the Brainstem

bidirectional passageway for tracts between the cerebellum and spinal cord

autonomic and reflex centres required for survival

origins of cranial nerves

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the three components of the brainstem and their functions?

Pons: ascending and descending info,

Medulla Oblongata: Autonomic and respiratory

Midbrain: visual and audio

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the respective gyrus for the Motor and Sensory Homunculus?

Motor= Pre-central gyrus (primary cortex)

Sensory= postcentral gyrus (somatosensory cortex)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Aspects of Spinal cord structure

31 pairs

Motor and sensory

Forms plexuses (web of nerves)

Exit via interverbal foramen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

3 sets of plexuses

Cervical, Brachial

Lumbar, Saccral

Mixed roots

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the three horns of Grey Matter in the Spinal cord?

Dorsal horn
-somatic sensory axons and interneuron cell bodies
-visceral sensory axons and interneuron cell bodies

Lateral horn
-autonomic motor cell bodies (T1-L2)

Ventral horn
-somatic motor cell bodies

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is neurulation?

Neural plate bends up and then fuses to from hollow tube.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a somite?

Transient units that gives rise to repetitive structures including vertebrae, ribs and skeletal muscles.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a Sclerotome?

Part of a somite that gives rise to a bone or skeletal tissue

Forms vertebral cartilage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a Dermatome?

Forms back of dermis

Area of skin receiving sensory innervation from single spinal nerves dorsal root.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is myotome?

Group of muscles innervated by single spinal nerve root.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Briefly outline embryological development of musculoskeletal system

1- Notochord forms mesoderm cells after gastrulation

2- signals from notochord cause inward folding of ectoderm at neural plate

3- end of neural plate fuses and disconnects to form a neural tube

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which germ layer does the nervous system develop from

Ectoderm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What embryonic structure do vertebrae develop from

sclerotome

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What structure of the spinal cord anchors it securely to the coccyx?

The filum terminale

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What type of fibers do the posterior (dorsal) roots contain?

afferent fibers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Trigeminal nerve

largest
arises from pons
sensory innervation of the face

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Facial nerve

motor innervation of facial expression

pons and medulla

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

vagus nerve

main parasympathetic nerve from medulla

Spinal accessory nerve

motor innervation of two neck muscles from C1-5/6 and medulla

Hypoglossal

Motor innervation of tongue from medial aspect of medulla

What are the four main plexuses of the body?

cervical, Brachial, Lumbar and Sacral

what is the function of the primary motor cortexes?

encodes the direction of movement

what is the function of the primary somatosensory cortexes?

processing afferent somatosensory input and contributes to the integration of sensory and motor signals necessary for skilled movement.

Which tract carries impulses between the left and right hemispheres of the brain?

thick tract of nerves called the corpus callosum at the base of the groove.

where are white and grey matter located in the spinal cord

grey = interior white = surrounds

what type of fibres carry afferent information in the spinal cord?

Dorsal root

what type of fibres carry efferent information in the spinal cord?

Ventral root

Dorsal

on or relating to the upper side or back of an animal, plant, or organ.

ventral

of or relating to the belly : abdominal. being or located near, on, or toward the lower surface of an animal

posterior

near the rear or end further back in position

in front of

proximal

nearer to the center

distal

away from the centre

what is the purpose of the cervical and lumbar enlargements along spinal cord

accomadate for the greater number of nerves and connections necessary to process info from uperr and lower limbs

Moving from brain to coccogeal, what is the order of spinal regions?

Cervical (C1-7) Thoracic (T1-12) Lumbar (L1-L5) Sacral (S1-5)

conus medullaris

distal end of the spinal cord

what are the start and end points of the spinal cord?

1. continuous with the brainstem at the level of the foramen magnum 2. tapers at the conus medullari (continues as the cauda equina) at the level of L1/L2)

what anchors the spinal to the coccyx?

filum terminale

what are the 3 horns of spinal cord grey matter?

dorsal horn lateral horn ventral horn

What are the neuron types of the three horns of the spinal cord grey matter?

dorsal - somatic and visceral sensory axons - interneuron cell bodies lateral (only sympathetic) -autonomic motor neuron cell bodies ventral horn somatic motor neuron cell bodies

moving from top to bottom, what are the names of the 5 branches of brachial plexuses?

musculocutaneous axillary radial median ulnar

what (from top to bottom) are the cords that lead into the branches (plexuses)?

lateral --> musculocutaneous and median posterior --> axillary and radial medial --> median and ulnar

What are the 4 main plexuses and their spinal roots?

cervical -C1-C4 Bracial - C5-C8, T1 -musculocutaneous -axillary -radial -median -ulnar Lumbar T12-L4 Sacral -L4-S4

Where are sensory neuron cell bodies located?

within sensory ganglia which may be in the dorsal root of the spinal cord or along cranial nerves.

what is the cauda equina?

a group of axons acting as a continuation of the spinal cord, translates to ‘horsetail’

How are spinal nerves created?

union of the dorsal root (from dorsal rootles) and the ventral root (from ventral rootlets)

What does dorsal roots and rootlets contain?

Dorsal rootlets: somatic and viscera; sensory neuron axons Dorsal root: sensory neuron axons and ganglion

What does ventral rootlets contain?

somatic and autonomic motor neurons

What foramen do spinal nerves exit from?

interverebrael foramen

proprioception

Awareness of position that requires sensory input from cerebral cortex and cerebellum and motor control.

what are the different types of muscle morphology?

Pennate: Fusiform Parallel Convergent Circular

What is fusiform and an example.

thick muscle belly that tapers on both sides (bicep brachii)

Gastrulation

Bilaminar embryonic disc --> trilaminar embryonic disc

what does the ectoderm develop into?

Develops into epidermis, epidermal derivatives (hair/ nails) and nervous system.

What are the three strcutures of the mesoderm and what do they develop into?

3 structures that develop into various parts Notochord: axial skeleton Paraxial mesoderm: develops into somite forming axial skeleton, muscle, dermis and most CT Head mesenchyme: CT and musculature of fact

What occurs GENERALLY in first 8 weeks of muscle embryo development?

Gastrulation (halfway wk 2) Folding of embryonic disc (wk 3) Neurulation (early wk 4) Limb development (week 4—8)

MSS embryological development step 1 (gasturlation)

transformation from a bilaminar to trilaminar embryonic disc

MSS embryological development 2- folding of the embryonic disc

(week 3) - rapid growth of head and tail causes the folding of the embryonic disc into a tube

MSS embryological development 3- neurulation

(early week 4) - the notochord stimulates the neural plate to transform into the neural tube - somites develop and align on either side of the neural tube -

MSS embryological development 4- limb development

- limb buds, containing a ventral and dorsal muscle mass, form at week 4 (UL before LL) - rotation of the limbs at weeks 7-8 - UL laterally, moving the elbow posterior - LL medially, moving the knee anterior

during neurulation, what does sclertome, dermatome and myoterm become?

sclerotome → vertebrae - myotome → muscle - dermatome → dermis

Nervous system and embryology Flashcards

week 1 (68 cards)