head to toe yoost Flashcards

Question

Macule/Patch is

Answer 1

solid, raised >0.5cm

Answer 2

raised with defined borders 0.5-2 cm

Answer 3

solid mass undefined bordes >1-2cm

Answer 4

circumscribed raised <0.5

Answer 5

similar to vesicle, acne

Answer 6

hives, insect bites

Answer 7

linear or circular scabies mites

Answer 8

encapsulated fluid/ solid mass cyst

Answer 9

skin elasticity or ability to resist deformity after being displaced

Answer 10

buildup of fluid in underlying tissue trauma to an area impairment of venous return

Answer 11

lips, palms, soles of feet, niples, labia minora, penis

Answer 12

basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma melanoma

Answer 13

sun exposure fair complexions family history weakened immune system radiation therapy age

Answer 14

chronic sun exposure rest as same for basal cell carcinoma

Answer 15

sun exposure fair complexions freckling light hair multiple moles male gender history of cancer in family or person immune suppression

Answer 16

a= asymmetry b=border c=color d=diameter e=evolving

Answer 17

one half of leasion do not match other half

Answer 18

irregular/ uneven

Answer 19

tan, brown, black, white, red, blue

Answer 20

changes in shape color size

Answer 21

slight pit 2mm depper pit 4mm deep pit 6mm very deep pit 8mm

Answer 22

splinter hemorrhage paronychia clubbing beaus lines koilonychia muehrcke

Answer 23

red or purple brown streak on nail bed Minor trauma, trichinosis, subacute bacterial endocarditis

Answer 24

Inflammation of the skin at the base of the nail causes: Local infection Acute: Staphylococcus aureus, herpes simplex virus Chronic: Candida albicans, Pseudomonas spp.

Answer 25

Enlargement of the fingertips, softening of the nail bed, and flattening of the nail; angle between the nail plate and the nail often greater than 180 degrees Nail injury, systemic injury, eczema, psoriasis, paronychia

Answer 26

Concave curves of the nail, with thinning of the nail plate; also called “spoon nail” Iron deficiency anemia, repeated chemical trauma, syphilis

Answer 27

Transverse ridging in nails due to a temporary halt in nail growth

Answer 28

Double band of white lines (leukonychia) Renal disease

Answer 29

patient interview

Answer 30

Patient gown * Scale * Height assessment tool * Sphygmomanometer with cuff * Stethoscope with bell and diaphragm * Thermometer * Wristwatch * Pulse oximeter * Disposable pads and/or examination table paper * Bath blanket or sheet * Gloves * Cotton applicators and/or cotton balls * Eye chart * Flashlight or penlight * Otoscope and ophthalmoscope * Tuning fork * Tongue depressor * Reflex hammer * Tape measure or ruler * Specimen containers, as needed

Answer 31

Handle with gloves. * Wipe clean of debris. * Mark or label with the patient’s identification information. * Bag after collection before sending the specimen to the laboratory.

Answer 32

comfort or anxiety

Answer 33

mobility, physical strength, and comorbid conditions

Answer 34

two or more medical conditions existing simultaneously

Answer 35

presenting problem

Answer 36

signs and symptoms

Answer 37

Supine Dorsal recumbent position fowler lithotomy prone left lateral recumbent knee chest

Answer 38

To examine the head and neck, anterior thorax and lungs, breasts, axillae, heart, abdomen, extremities, and pulses

Answer 39

To examine the head and neck, anterior thorax and lungs, breasts, axillae, heart, and abdomen

Answer 40

To examine the head and neck, anterior thorax and lungs, breasts, axillae, heart, abdomen, lower extremities, and pulses

Answer 41

To examine the female genitalia

Answer 42

To examine the back, spine, posterior aspect of the head, neck, thorax, buttocks, and lower extremities

Answer 43

To examine the rectal and perineal areas

Answer 44

rectal area

Answer 45

hydrocephalus

Answer 46

Strabismus

Answer 47

due to muscle weakness or paralysis

Answer 48

1 to 2 inches apart from one inner canthus to the other

Answer 49

color and ensure that it is intact, without lesions

Answer 50

two-thirds

Answer 51

pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation

Answer 52

III, oculomotor; IV, trochlear; and VI, abducens

Answer 53

patency and central vision

Answer 54

cranial nerve 2

Answer 55

Opacity or clouding of the eye lens

Answer 56

Increasing age, female gender * Prolonged sun exposure * Cigarette smoking, alcohol or steroid use * Diet low in antioxidants

Answer 57

Optic neuropathy, usually associated with increased intraocular pressure

Answer 58

Increased age, African or Hispanic ancestry * Migraines, diabetes, low blood pressure * Increased intraocular pressure * Family history * Eye injury

Answer 59

* Deterioration of the macula, the area on the retina that is responsible for central vision, allowing for clear vision of fine details; Two types: dry and wet

Answer 60

* Family history, white ancestry * Overactive immune system causing inflammation * Smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia

Answer 61

Nearsightedness

Answer 62

Familial history

Answer 63

Farsightedness

Answer 64

Familial history

Answer 65

age-related loss of near vision

Answer 66

Age older than 40 years

Answer 67

Examination of the internal structures of the eye

Answer 68

discharge or drainage

Answer 69

containing pus

Answer 70

indicate infection or foreign body penetration of the middle ear

Answer 71

yellow to dark brown

Answer 72

ringing, buzzing, or roaring in the ears

Answer 73

hearing loss, overuse of salicylates symptomatic of diseases that cause vertigo

Answer 74

disequilibrium, spinning sensation

Answer 75

Ménière disease

Answer 76

trauma, aging, heredity, disease, medication, and prolonged exposure to high-decibel sound

Answer 77

sensorineural, conductive, and mixed

Answer 78

inner ear damage

Answer 79

something interferes with the transmission of sound via vibration to the inner ear

Answer 80

Fluid in the middle ear and cerumen accumulation

Answer 81

middle-ear and nerve damage

Answer 82

patient complains of hearing loss in one ear

Answer 83

tuning fork

Answer 84

equilibrium and vertigo.

Answer 85

equilibrium

Answer 86

vestibular disease

Answer 87

smooth, even, and consistent with the color of facial skin tones

Answer 88

abrasion due to rubbing or scratching

Answer 89

if air passes freely through nostrils

Answer 90

high blood pressure or diabetes.

Answer 91

* Oral hygiene * Condition of the teeth and gums * Hydration status * Airway patency * Ability to meet nutrition needs * Patency of cerebral blood flow

Answer 92

dehydration from limited oral intake or exposure to excessive heat (hyperthermia) or cold

Answer 93

clenching the teeth and then smiling if they can do it that good It indicates its working normally

Answer 94

color, irregular shape, cavities, and Loose or missing teeth

Answer 95

tongue blade, penlight

Answer 96

not palpable

Answer 97

it receives drainage from a specific area of infection or disease

Answer 98

distention, blood flow

Answer 99

jugular vein distention

Answer 100

blood, head, patency, blood flow

Answer 101

abnormal “swooshing” sound

Answer 102

position, enlargment

Answer 103

risks for pulmonary complications

Answer 104

* How far can you walk on level ground? * How many stairs are you able to climb without becoming short of breath? * Do you have a cough? If so, when did it start? * Do you cough up mucus or blood? If so, describe the color and consistency. * Can you lie flat when sleeping? * Do you snore? * Do you use oxygen or breathing machines at home? If so, how often and at what setting? * Do you ever experience shortness of breath either at rest or with exercise? * Do you have any pain with breathing? * Is the pain associated with coughing, shortness of breath, trauma, nasal congestion, or sore throat? * Does chest pain cause splinting, shallow breathing, or uneven chest expansion, or does it radiate to the back, neck, or arms? * What relieves the chest pain associated with respiration? * Do you have any recent history of trauma or infection? * Do you have a history of chronic conditions that affect respiration, including allergies, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis, or asthma? * Do you have a history of tumors or lung cancer? * Do you use tobacco or marijuana? If so, how many years and packs per day? * Have you been exposed to dust, fumes, or smoke in the environment at work or home? * Have you traveled out of the country recently?

Answer 105

chest hair for color, thickness, and even distribution Nipples should be centered on either side of the sternum Observe the spine (normally is midline and straight) Ribs should slope downward scapulae lie flat on either side of the spine anteroposterior (AP) measurement of the chestnormal ratios of 1:2 to 5:7.

Answer 106

relaxed, automatic, effortless

Answer 107

12 and 20 bpm

Answer 108

pulmonary embolism (PE), deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is present

Answer 109

pulmonary embolism (PE) deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Answer 110

pneumothorax, tumors, pleural effusion, or COPD

Answer 111

pneumonia or consolidation close to the chest wall.

Answer 112

collapse of all or part of the lung

Answer 113

atelectasis

Answer 114

Pitch high Quality harsh Amplitude loud Over the trachea

Answer 115

Pitch high Quality hollow Amplitude loud Over the main bronchi

Answer 116

Pitch medium Quality mixed Amplitude medium Posterior between the scapulae; anterior around the upper sternum in the first two intercostal spaces

Answer 117

Pitch low Quality blowing Amplitude soft Over most of the lung fields

Answer 118

Cardiac function (heart)

Answer 119

Crackles Rhonchi Wheezing Stridor Pleural friction rub

Answer 120

Brief crackling, popping sounds

Answer 121

Low-pitched, snoring sounds

Answer 122

High-pitched, whistling sound

Answer 123

Intense, high-pitched, and continuous monophonic wheeze or crowing sound

Answer 124

Low-pitched, grating, or creaking sound

Answer 125

Are you experiencing chest pain? If so, describe the pain. When was its onset or when did the pain begin? What is its duration or how long have you had this pain? What are the characteristics of the pain (sharp, stabbing, aching, burning, viselike)? Where is the pain? Does the pain radiate? What relieves the pain? Are there any other symptoms associated with the pain? * Do you have any palpitations or extreme fatigue? * Do you have any difficulty breathing or difficulty lying flat when sleeping? * Do you have any past medical history of cardiac surgery or hospitalizations for cardiac events or disorders? * Have you ever had acute rheumatic fever, swollen or painful joints, or inflammatory rheumatism? * Do you have any chronic illnesses such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, coronary artery disease, congenital heart defects, or bleeding disorders? * Do you have a family history of diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, congenital or acquired heart defects, or sudden death at a young age? If so, include age at the time of diagnosis and death of first-degree relatives. * Are you on an anticoagulant? Do you have a coagulation disorder? * Does your employment include physical demands, emotional stress, or environmental hazards such as chemicals, heat, sunlight, or dust? * Do you use tobacco? If so, at what age did you start? How many packs per day? Have you stopped using it? * How often do you use alcohol or recreational drugs? If used, what type of alcohol or recreational drugs do you prefer? * What is your nutritional status? Have you lost or gained weight recently? * What do you do to relax? * Do you exercise? How much and how often? * Do you have aching, cramping, or pain in the legs while walking or exercising? If so, when did it start, how long have you had it, and what are its characteristics? Does anything relieve the pain? * Have you ever had loss of consciousness or transient syncope? If so, was the episode associated with any other symptoms? * Does shortness of breath interfere with your activities of daily living? * Do you have any tingling, numbness, or coldness in your hands or feet? * Do you have edema or swelling in your hands, feet, or ankles? If so, what makes it worse? What reduces the edema? * Have you had any recent change in hair loss or growth on your hands, feet, or ankles? * Has anything restricted blood flow to your extremities (cast, surgery, trauma, tight clothing)?

Answer 126

dysrhythmia

Answer 127

patient’s radial pulse rate is slower than the apical pulse rate

Answer 128

blowing or swishing sounds heard in systole or diastole

Answer 129

increased or abnormal blood flow through the valves of the heart

Answer 130

an abnormal vibration felt on palpation

Answer 131

Grade 1: Scarcely audible with a good stethoscope in a quiet room Grade 2: Quiet but readily audible with a stethoscope Grade 3: Easily heard with a stethoscope Grade 4: A loud, obvious murmur with a palpable thrill Grade 5: Very loud with a palpable thrill; heard over the pericardium and elsewhere in the body (radiates) Grade 6: Heard with a stethoscope off the chest; thrill palpable and visible

Answer 132

peripheral pulses

Answer 133

bending and twisting

Answer 134

intensity, rate, and rhythm, existence of blood vessel tenderness, tortuosity, nodularity

Answer 135

0 Absent pulse (unable to palpate) 1 Diminished (weaker than expected; difficult to palpate) 2 Normal (able to palpate with normal pressure) 3 Bounding (may be able to see pulsation; does not disappear with palpation)

Answer 136

supine, low Fowler

Answer 137

inflammation of a vein

Answer 138

pain, pallor, pulselessness, paresthesia (numbness or tingling), and paralysis

Answer 139

numbness or tingling

Answer 140

a condition that causes an increased lumbar curvature just above the buttocks area

Answer 141

an outward curvature of the thoracic spine

Answer 142

a sideways or S-shaped curvature of the spine and is always abnormal

Answer 143

* Do you have any pain or stiffness in your joints, muscles, or back? If so, when did it begin? Where is the pain or stiffness? What is its quality? Is the pain burning, aching, shooting, constant, or intermittent? Does anything aggravate or relieve the pain? * Are you able to perform activities of daily living, such as dressing or preparing meals, without musculoskeletal discomfort? * Can you climb stairs and walk without limping? * Do you have numbness or tingling in your extremities? * Are you able to engage in strenuous activity or exercise? * Have you experienced any recent trauma to any of your bones, joints, soft tissue, or nerves? * Do you have any chronic illnesses that may affect the musculoskeletal system, including cancer, osteoporosis, arthritis, and renal or neurologic disorders? * Do you have any known skeletal deformities or a congenital history that may affect the musculoskeletal system? * Do you have any family history of arthritis (rheumatoid, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis), back problems (scoliosis, spina bifida), or genetic disorders (osteogenesis imperfecta, rickets, dwarfing syndrome)? * Does your diet include adequate calcium and vitamin D?

Answer 144

increase in muscle tone

Answer 145

decrease in muscle tone

Answer 146

repetitive vibratory contraction

Answer 147

muscle and tendon stretch

Answer 148

4+ Very brisk, hyperactive with clonus 3+ Brisker than average, slightly hyperactive 2+ Average, normal 1+ Sluggish or diminished 0 No response

Answer 149

Biceps contraction and flexion

Answer 150

Extension of the forearm

Answer 151

Plantar flexion of the foot

Answer 152

Extension of the leg

Answer 153

Adults and children: Plantar flexion of the toes and forefoot Infants: Dorsiflexion of the big toe and fanning out of the toes (positive Babinski sign)

Answer 154

Transmits the sense of smell After assessing patency of both nares, have the patient close the eyes, obstruct one naris, and inhale to identify a common scent.

Answer 155

Transmits visual information to the brain; located in the optic canal Check visual acuity (have the patient read newspaper print or use a Snellen chart), and test visual fields for each eye.

Answer 156

Innervates four of the six muscles that collectively execute most eye movements; responsible for pupillary constriction and dilation Assess pupil size and light reflex; note direction of gaze.

Answer 157

Innervates muscles responsible for downward and inward gaze of the eyes Ask the patient to gaze downward, temporally, and nasally.

Answer 158

responsible for the corneal reflex; receives sensation from the face and innervates the muscles of mastication Motor: Palpate jaws and temples while patient clenches teeth. Sensory: With the patient’s eyes closed, gently touch a cotton ball to all areas of the face.

Answer 159

Innervates muscles responsible for outward gaze of the eyes Assess directions of gaze.

Answer 160

Provides motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression; receives the sense of taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue; provides innervation to the salivary glands (except parotid) and the lacrimal gland Motor: Check symmetry of the face by having the patient frown, close eyes, lift eyebrows, and puff cheeks. Sensory: Assess the patient’s ability to recognize taste (sugar, salt, lemon juice).

Answer 161

Vestibular branch: Carries impulses for equilibrium Cochlear branch: Carries impulses for hearing Assess the patient’s ability to hear a spoken and whispered word.

Answer 162

Receives taste from the posterior third of the tongue; provides innervation to the parotid gland; and provides motor innervation for swallowing Sensory: Assess the patient’s ability to taste sour or sweet on last two-thirds of tongue. Motor: Check for presence of the gag reflex by inserting a tongue blade two-thirds into the pharynx.

Answer 163

Supplies innervation to the larynx and soft palate responsible for speech and swallowing; provides parasympathetic fibers to nearly all thoracic and abdominal smooth muscles Depress the tongue with a tongue blade and have the patient say “ah” or yawn. The uvula and soft palate should rise and be symmetric. Assess speech for hoarseness.

Answer 164

Cranial root: Works with vagus nerve to control the muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx Spinal root: Innervates muscles of the neck and back Have the patient rotate the head and shrug the shoulders against passive resistance.

Answer 165

Provides motor innervation to muscles of the tongue not innervated by the vagus nerve and to other glossal muscles; is important for swallowing and speech articulation Assess tongue control (e.g., have the patient stick out the tongue and move it from side to side).

Answer 166

person, place, time, and situation

Answer 167

Eye opening: Spontaneous 4 To verbal command 3 To pain 2 None 1 Verbal: Oriented 5 Confused but able to answer questions 4 Inappropriate responses 3 Incomprehensible speech 2 None 1 Motor: Obeys commands 6 Purposeful movement to painful stimulus 5 Withdraws from pain 4 Abnormal (spastic) flexion, decorticate posture 3 Extensor (rigid) response, decerebrate posture 2 None 1 Possible total score range 3–15

Answer 168

* Do you have any pain or difficulty with swallowing? * Have you experienced difficulty eating, weight change, or lack of appetite? * Do you have nausea, vomiting, regurgitation of food, frequent burping, heartburn, indigestion, or bloating? If so, what do you do to relieve the symptoms? * Are you experiencing abdominal pain? If so, what are the characteristics of the pain? Are there any associated symptoms? Does anything relieve the pain? * What is your typical 24-hour food intake? * Have you experienced any changes in bowel habits: diarrhea, constipation, incontinence, or frequent passing of gas? * Have you noticed any blood in your stool? * Do you have problems with hemorrhoids? * Have you ever had abdominal surgery? * Do you or any family members have a history of abdominal illnesses such as gallbladder disease, cancer, or irritable bowel syndrome?

Answer 169

* Are you experiencing any difficulty with urination: Frequency, urgency, or difficulty starting or stopping your stream of urine? * Do you have a history of urinary tract or kidney infections or kidney stones? * Is there pain or burning when you urinate? * Have you noticed a change in your frequency of urination: Less often or more often than previously? * Do you feel that you empty your bladder when you urinate? * Do you have to get up at night to urinate? If so, how many times?

Answer 170

stretch marks resulting from pregnancy or from weight loss or gain

Answer 171

color, tone, scars, bruises, lesions, venous patterns, striae, drains, tubes, and stomas

Answer 172

progressive wave action causing movement of contents through the gastrointestinal system

Answer 173

loud grumbling

Answer 174

size and shape of the penis and testes distribution of pubic hair across the perineal area (Before puberty, in preadolescents, pubic hair is absent in the groin area) enlargement and darkening of the testicles, appearance of pubic hair, and lengthening of the penis pubic area should be free of rashes, lesions, masses, and obvious deformity Observe for smegma

Answer 175

a whitish substance under the foreskin of penis

head to toe yoost Flashcards

(225 cards)