Health Problems During Infancy

Question 1

results from a dietary intake of vitamin A that is inadequate to satisfy physiological needs.

Answer 1

Vitamin A deficiency

Question 2

Vitamin A deficiency may be exacerbated by _________________________, especially ______________________.

Answer 2

high rates of infection; diarrhea and measles

Question 3

Vitamin A Deficiency
Causes

Answer 3

Malnutrition
Liver disorders that affect vitamin storage.
Other diseases interfere with intestine’s ability to absorb fat and vitamins,

Question 4

Clinical Manifestations

Answer 4

Nyctalopia
Xerophthalmia
Bitot’s Spots
Sores in the corneas (Corneal ulcers)
Cloudy corneas

Question 5

Difficulty seeing in the dark or night blindness

Answer 5

Nyctalopia

Question 6

Corneas of the eyes may become dry and thick

Answer 6

Xerophthalmia

Question 7

Foamy deposits may appear in the whites of the eyes

Answer 7

Bitot’s Spots

Question 8

Vitamin A Deficiency
Complications

Answer 8

Vision loss or blindness
Dry, itchy, scaly skin
Infertility
Delayed growth and development in children
Respiratory tract infections

Question 9

Vitamin A Deficiency
Treatment

Answer 9

Vitamin A supplementation

Question 10

Vitamin A Deficiency
Treatment
Recommended dose
_________ international units (IU) for infants 6-11 months
____________ IU for children 12-59 months

Answer 10

100,000; 200,000

Question 11

Vitamin A Deficiency
Treatment
How often to give
Every __ months for children aged 6-59 months

Answer 11

6

Question 12

signs of vitamin A toxicity

Answer 12

irritability, vomiting, increased intracranial pressure

Question 13

Vitamin A Deficiency
Nursing Management
Supplementation:

Answer 13

1. Administer vitamin A supplements
2. Closely monitor for signs of vitamin A toxicity
3. Educate parents

Question 14

Vitamin A Deficiency
Nursing Management
Nutritional Support:

Answer 14

1. Encourage breastfeeding,
2. Educate parents on vitamin A-rich foods
3. Ensure adequate intake of other essential nutrients

Question 15

vitamin A-rich foods

Answer 15

liver, sweet potatoes, carrots, dark leafy greens

Question 16

Vitamin D deficiency is most commonly caused by a _______________________________

Answer 16

lack of exposure to sunlight.

Question 17

Vitamin D is stored mainly in the __________

Answer 17

liver.

Question 18

promotes absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestine.

Answer 18

active vitamin D or calcitriol

Question 19

Vitamin D is found in limited food sources, such as

Answer 19

fatty fish, egg yolks, and fortified foods.

Question 20

Certain medical conditions, like ____________________, can interfere with the body’s ability to absorb vitamin D.

Answer 20

Crohn’s disease or celia disease

Question 21

Vitamin D Deficiency
Causes

Answer 21

Inadequate dietary intake
Malabsorption
Kidney or liver disease
Darker skin pigmentation

Question 22

Vitamin D Deficiency
Clinical Manifestations

Answer 22

• Muscle pain
• Bone pain
• Increased sensitivity to pain
• A tingly, “pins-and-needles” sensation in the hands or feet (paresthesia)
• Muscle weakness in body parts near the trunk of the body, such as the upper arms or thighs
• Waddling while walking, due to muscle weakness in the hips or legs
• A history of broken bones
• Muscle twitches or tremors
• Muscle spasms
• Bowed legs (when the deficiency is severe)

Question 23

Types of vitamin D supplementation include:

Answer 23

• Vitamin D2 supplements (ergocalciferol)
• Vitamin D3 supplements (cholecalciferol)
• Calcidiol

Question 24

a medication that’s a form of vitamin D3, which may be prescribed when an individual has a health condition that leads to malabsorption

Answer 24

Calcidiol

Question 25

signs of hypocalcemia

Answer 25

muscle twitching, seizures).

Question 26

is a common blood disorder that occurs when red blood cell counts are low due toa lack of iron.

Answer 26

Iron-deficiency anemia

Question 27

Iron Deficiency Causes

Answer 27

- Premature Birth - Low Iron Stores at Birth - Dietary Factors - Breastfeeding Without Supplementation -Formula Feeding with Unfortified Formula - Inadequate Intake of Iron-Rich Foods

Question 28

This is often one of the most noticeable signs of iron deficiency anemia

Answer 28

pale skin

Question 29

Iron Deficiency Clinical Manifestations

Answer 29

Pale Skin Irritability Pica Poor Feeding Rapid Heartbeat Delayed Growth and Development Fatigue and Weakness Poor Appetite

Question 30

Use __________________________________ with meals to improve iron absorption.

Answer 30

ascorbic acid-rich foods, meat, or both

Question 31

Observe for potential side effects of iron supplementation, such as

Answer 31

gastrointestinal upset (nausea, vomiting, constipation, or diarrhea).

Question 32

Educate parents that iron supplements can cause ____________________________, which is a normal and harmless side effect.

Answer 32

dark or greenish stools

Question 33

Observe for signs of worsening anemia, such as

Answer 33

increased pallor, fatigue, or irritability.

Question 34

deficiency of protein with an adequate supply of calories.

Answer 34

Kwashiorkor

Question 35

A diet consisting mainly of starch grains or tubers provides adequate calories in the form of carbohydrates but an inadequate amount of high-quality proteins.

Answer 35

Kwashiorkor

Question 36

Kwashiorkor Causes

Answer 36

Poverty and Food Insecurity Infections Weaning Practices

Question 37

Kwashiorkor Clinical Manifestations

Answer 37

Edema Changes in Skin and Hair Abdominal Distention Muscle Wasting Increased Susceptibility to Infections

Question 38

This is a hallmark sign of Kwashiorkor. It presents as swelling, particularly in the feet and ankles, and can extend to the face and limbs.

Answer 38

Edema

Question 39

results from general malnutrition of both calories and protein

Answer 39

Marasmus

Question 40

Marasmus Causes

Answer 40

Poverty and Food Scarcity Infections Inadequate Breastfeeding or Early Weaning Social Factors Environmental Factors

Question 41

Marasmus Clinical Manifestations

Answer 41

Severe Wasting Weight Loss: Stunted Growth "Old Man" Face Dry Skin and Hair Apathy and Irritability

Question 42

This is the most prominent characteristic of Marasmus

Answer 42

Severe Wasting

Question 43

may occur if intake progresses too rapidly; cardiac failure may cause sudden death in a child who has been malnourished and refed too rapidly

Answer 43

refeeding syndrome

Question 44

is a paste based on peanut butter and dried skim milk with vitamins and minerals; it requires no mixing with water or milk.

Answer 44

ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF)

Question 45

represents a combined form of severe malnutrition

Answer 45

Marasmic kwashiorkor

Question 46

Marasmic Kwashiorkor Causes

Answer 46

- Profound deficiency in both protein and overall calories. - Prolonged food scarcity. - Chronic infections. - A combination of inadequate food intake and severe protein deficiency.

Question 47

Marasmic Kwashiorkor Clinical Manifestations

Answer 47

- Wasting and Emaciation - Edema

Question 48

Abdominal pain or cramping that is manifested by loud crying and drawing the legs up to the abdomen

Answer 48

Colic

Question 49

duration of cry greater than

Answer 49

3 hours a day occurring more than 3 days per week and for more than 3 weeks

Question 50

Colic is self-limiting and in most cases resolves as infants mature, generally around ________________ of age

Answer 50

12 to 16 weeks

Question 51

Colic Causes

Answer 51

- too rapid feeding - overeating - swallowing excessive air - improper feeding technique (especially in positioning and burping) - emotional stress or tension between the parent and child - Parental smoking - lactase deficiency, - difficult infant temperament, - difficulty regulating emotions, - overstimulation, - central nervous system immaturity, - neurochemical dysregulation in the brain

Question 52

This is the hallmark symptom of Colic

Answer 52

Excessive Crying

Question 53

defined as the sudden death of an infant younger than 1 year of age that remains unexplained after a complete postmortem examination.

Answer 53

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Question 54

peak age of SIDS

Answer 54

2-3 mo; 95% occur by 6 mo

Question 55

SIDS has higher incidence in what gender?

Answer 55

boys

Question 56

SIDS highest risk associated with

Answer 56

prone position; use of soft bedding; overheating (thermal stress); cosleeping with adult

Question 57

This is the most crucial step in preventing SIDS.

Answer 57

place the baby on their back to sleep, for naps and at night.