Care of Children with Musculoskeletal and Neurological Alterations

Question 1

Skeletal muscles are connected to bones by hands of fibrous connective tissue called

Answer 1

tendons

Question 2

Bones are connected to each other to form a joint by fibrous connective tissue called

Answer 2

LIGAMENT

Question 3

Bones, muscles and other structures in the body are covered by an uninterrupted web of tissues called ___________

Answer 3

FASCIA

Question 4

maintains the body’s structural integrity

Answer 4

FASCIA

Question 5

a double layer of connective tissue that covers all bone except for joints and nourishes the bone

Answer 5

PERIOSTEUM

Question 6

Bones develop from tissues during _____________________ where ________________ provide structure for bone cells

Answer 6

OSSIFICATION; OSTEOBLASTS

Question 7

form salt that strengthens framework for new bone

Answer 7

Calcium and phosphorus deposits

Question 8

Calcium and phosphorus deposits are regulated by

Answer 8

thyroid and parathyroid glands

Question 9

Placing bones under stress results in ____________________ in bones

Answer 9

increase deposits

Question 10

Long bones have growth end called ______________ where the growth plate or epiphyseal plate is located

Answer 10

epiphysis

Question 11

Epiphyseal plate is composed of _______________

Answer 11

cartilage

Question 12

dense connective tissue without blood vessels

Answer 12

cartilage

Question 13

Is where two articulated bones come together

Answer 13

JOINTS

Question 14

Held together by ligaments and cartilage cushions the surface area between each bones

Answer 14

JOINTS

Question 15

Joints classified by movement:

Answer 15

1. Synarthroidal (immovable)
2. Amphidiarthroidal (semimovable)
3. Diarthrodial (synovial joints, freely movable)

Question 16

Synarthroidal

Answer 16

(immovable)

Question 17

Amphidiarthroidal

Answer 17

(semimovable)

Question 18

Diarthrodial

Answer 18

(synovial joints, freely movable)

Question 19

Are striated fibrous bundles covered with connective tissue that contract when stimulated by an electrical impulse

Answer 19

SKELETAL MUSCLES

Question 20

muscle shortens (flexing) causing attached bone to be pulled in the direction of contraction

Answer 20

Contraction

Question 21

produced when one set of muscle contracts while the opposing muscles relax (extends) then opposing muscle contracts to return to the original position

Answer 21

BONE MOVEMENT

Question 22

A sprain, strain or contusion that affects the soft tissue of the musculoskeletal system

Answer 22

SOFT TISSUE INJURY

Question 23

tearing, twisting or stretching of a muscle or tendon

Answer 23

STRAIN

Question 24

injury to ligament as a result of stretching or tearing the ligament and is commonly the result of automobile accident, fall or sports injury

Answer 24

SPRAIN

Question 25

bruise or hematoma; blood vessels rupture beneath the skin and bleeds into the tissue causing discoloration

Answer 25

CONTUSION

Question 26

Treatment of Soft Tissue Injury :

Answer 26

Rest Ice Compression Elevation for 24-36 hours following injury

Question 27

Separation of bone

Answer 27

FRACTURE

Question 28

Four Categories of Fracture

Answer 28

1. Complete 2. Incomplete 3. Closed (simple) 4. Open (compound)

Question 29

bone separates into 2 distinct parts

Answer 29

Complete

Question 30

bone does not separate into 2 distinct parts

Answer 30

Incomplete

Question 31

bone does not break the skin

Answer 31

Closed (simple)

Question 32

bone breaks the skin

Answer 32

Open (compound)

Question 33

Types of Fractures:

Answer 33

1. Hairline 2. Greenstick 3. Comminuted

Question 34

incomplete fracture

Answer 34

Hairline

Question 35

an incomplete fracture where bone is partially broken resulting in the bone bending like a broken green stick

Answer 35

Greenstick

Question 36

complete fracture where bone is broken in several fragments

Answer 36

Comminuted

Question 37

sudden sever dyspnea and chest pain

Answer 37

pulmonary embolism

Question 38

pulling force applied to body part by hand

Answer 38

Manual Traction

Question 39

primarily used to hold body part in alignment during cast application

Answer 39

Manual Traction

Question 40

Pulling force applied to skin; no anesthesia required

Answer 40

Skin Traction

Question 41

Skin Traction most effective for children

Answer 41

less than 3 years old

Question 42

: child is positioned on back with hips flexed to 90 degrees with knees extended; : traction is applied overhead with just enough force to lift child’s buttocks off of mattress

Answer 42

Bryant Traction

Question 43

primarily for femur fractures

Answer 43

Bryant Traction

Question 44

may be used for developmental hip dysplasia

Answer 44

Bryant Traction

Question 45

may be used for fractures, hip disorders, muscle spasms, contractures

Answer 45

Buck Traction

Question 46

: can be continuous or intermittent : boot or wrap applied to extended lower extremity : traction affixed to boot or wrap : child may be positioned on back or on side if extremity is stable

Answer 46

Buck Traction

Question 47

primarily for short-term immobilization

Answer 47

Buck Traction

Question 49

Bone deformity and malposition of foot with soft tissue contracture; foot twisted out of alignment

Answer 49

Talipes (Club Foot)

Question 50

equinus or horsefoot position, forefoot lower than heel

Answer 50

plantarflexion

Question 51

heel is held lower than forefoot or anterior foot is flexed toward anterior leg

Answer 51

dorsiflexion

Question 52

foot turns in

Answer 52

Varus deviation

Question 53

foot turns out

Answer 53

Valgus deviation

Question 54

combination of all types

Answer 54

equinovarus

Question 55

child walks on heel with foot elevated

Answer 55

calcaneovalgus

Question 56

Special shoes containing adjustable bars are worn to realign the foot

Answer 56

Denis Browne Splint

Question 57

Improper formation & function of the hip socket

Answer 57

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip

Question 58

is a three-dimensional spinal deformity characterized by a lateral curvature of the spine greater than 10° (Cobb angle), often accompanied by vertebral rotation.

Answer 58

Scoliosis

Question 59

○ Most common (adolescent idiopathic scoliosis – AIS). ○ Unknown cause, but thought to be genetic and biomechanical. ○ More common in females and worsens with growth spurts.

Answer 59

Idiopathic Scoliosis

Question 60

○ Present at birth due to vertebral malformations. ○ Caused by failure of segmentation or formation of vertebrae.

Answer 60

Congenital Scoliosis

Question 61

Seen in conditions like cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, spina bifida. ○ Due to muscle weakness and imbalance, leading to poor spinal support.

Answer 61

Neuromuscular Scoliosis

Question 62

Associated with genetic disorders like Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and neurofibromatosis.

Answer 62

Syndromic Scoliosis

Question 63

Occurs in adults due to age-related spinal degeneration (disc and joint wear).

Answer 63

Degenerative Scoliosis

Question 64

Asymmetry in rib cage when bending forward.

Answer 64

Adam’s Forward Bend Test

Question 65

is a serious bone infection caused by bacteria (most commonly Staphylococcus aureus), fungi, or other pathogens

Answer 65

Osteomyelitis