Health Promotion & PH Principles

Question 1

What is the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (1986)?

Answer 1

A comprehensive framework for health promotion, emphasizing empowerment, social determinants, and multi-dimensional approaches.

Question 2

What are the three key strategies of the Ottawa Charter?

Answer 2

Advocacy, enabling, and mediation.

Question 3

Health promotion is defined as the process of enabling people to ____.

Answer 3

Increase control over and improve their health.

Question 4

A city council is implementing legislation to reduce air pollution and improve public health. Which Ottawa Charter action area does this represent?

Answer 4

Building healthy public policy.

Question 5

Creating supportive environments is like planting a garden because ____.

Answer 5

It provides conditions that nurture healthy behaviors to grow and flourish.

Question 6

What is the focus of reorienting health services under the Ottawa Charter?

Answer 6

Shifting towards comprehensive primary healthcare and addressing broader health determinants.

Question 7

A local group is organizing workshops to educate residents on nutrition and physical activity. Which Ottawa Charter action area is being applied?

Answer 7

Building individual skills.

Question 8

Community empowerment involves engaging communities to take ____ action for health.

Answer 8

Collective

Question 9

How does the Adelaide Recommendations (1988) build on the Ottawa Charter?

Answer 9

By focusing on healthy public policy and multi-sectoral approaches.

Question 10

A health policy addresses food security and promotes access to nutritious foods. Which Adelaide Recommendation priority does this align with?

Answer 10

Food and nutrition.

Question 11

The Adelaide Recommendations underscore the need for shared accountability through a ____.

Answer 11

Multi-sectoral approach.

Question 12

What does the Sundsvall Statement emphasise about supportive environments?

Answer 12

They should be equitable, sustainable, and conducive to health.

Question 13

A policy prioritizes reducing income inequality and enhancing access to economic opportunities. Which aspect of the Sundsvall Statement does this represent?

Answer 13

Economic environments.

Question 14

Enhancing women’s ____ is a priority in the Sundsvall Statement for better health environments.

Answer 14

Skills, knowledge, and participation.

Question 15

The Jakarta Declaration’s call for community capacity is like building a team because ____.

Answer 15

It empowers members with skills and resources to tackle challenges collectively.

Question 16

Why does the Jakarta Declaration emphasise investing in health promotion?

Answer 16

To achieve sustainable development and improve quality of life.

Question 17

A company adopts policies to reduce workplace discrimination and promote employee well-being. Which Jakarta Declaration principle does this align with?

Answer 17

Promoting social responsibility.

Question 18

Expanding partnerships in health promotion requires going beyond the boundaries of the ____.

Answer 18

Health sector.

Question 19

What is capacity building according to the Jakarta Declaration?

Answer 19

Enhancing the skills, knowledge, and resources of individuals, organizations, and communities.

Question 20

A government program empowers rural communities to create health solutions and engage in decision-making processes. Which Jakarta Declaration focus is this?

Answer 20

Community capacity.

Question 21

Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (1986)

Answer 21

Defines health promotion as enabling individuals to take control of their health through empowerment and informed decisions.

Emphasizes addressing social, economic, and environmental determinants of health.

Key strategies: Advocacy, enabling, mediation.

Question 21

5 action areas of the Ottawa Charter (1986)

Answer 21

1. Building healthy public policy: Shaping policies to promote well-being and address societal barriers.
2. Creating supportive environments: Fostering conditions for healthy behaviours in social and physical settings.
3. Building individual skills: Providing knowledge and resources to enhance health literacy.
4. Community empowerment: Mobilising collective action and community-led initiatives.
5. Reorienting health services: Shifting focus from curative to preventive care.

Question 22

Adelaide Recommendations on Healthy Public Policy (1988)

Answer 22

Builds on Ottawa Charter principles with a focus on healthy public policy.

Key priorities:
- Supporting women: Addressing gender-specific health issues and promoting gender equality.

• Food and nutrition: Ensuring access to nutritious foods and addressing food security.
• Tobacco and alcohol: Using regulations and education to mitigate harmful effects.
• Supportive environments: Highlighting the influence of physical, social, and economic contexts.

-Accountability: Advocating a multi-sectoral approach (health, education, transport, etc.).

Question 23

Sundsvall Statement on Supportive Environments for Health (1991)

Answer 23

Advocates equitable, sustainable, and health-conducive environments.

1. Social cohesion, equity, and inclusion: Addressing poverty, inequality, and discrimination.
2. Political governance: Policies that influence health environments.
3. Economic opportunities: Reducing disparities in access to resources and income.
4. Women’s skills: Enhancing participation in decision-making processes.

Question 24

Jakarta Declaration (1997):

Answer 24

Vision for improving health and well-being universally. Emphasises: - Investments in health promotion: Essential for sustainable development. - Promoting social responsibility: Encouraging collective action for supportive environments. - Expanding partnerships: Engaging beyond health sector boundaries. - Community capacity: Empowering communities to address their health needs. - Capacity building: Enhancing individual and organisational skills, knowledge, and resources.

Question 25

What was the key focus of the Mexico City Ministerial Declaration (2000)?

Answer 25

Bridging health inequities and reaffirming the importance of health promotion.

Question 26

The Mexico City Declaration reaffirmed the principles of the ____ Charter for Health Promotion.

Answer 26

Ottawa.

Question 27

What was the Bangkok Charter's (2005) primary focus?

Answer 27

Tackling health challenges in a globalized world by addressing social determinants of health.

Question 28

What was the Nairobi Conference on Health Inequities (2009) focused on?

Answer 28

Addressing disparities in health outcomes and healthcare access, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.

Question 29

What is the central goal outlined in the Alma-Ata Declaration?

Answer 29

Achieving "Health for All" through primary health care.

Question 29

Primary health care (PHC) is recognized as the ____ for achieving health for all.

Answer 29

Cornerstone.

Question 30

What fundamental right does the Alma-Ata Declaration affirm?

Answer 30

The attainment of the highest possible standard of health.

Question 30

A community clinic provides a range of accessible and comprehensive health services. Which principle of the Alma-Ata Declaration does this reflect?

Answer 30

Primary Health Care (PHC).

Question 31

The Alma-Ata Declaration emphasizes addressing social, ____, and ____ determinants of health.

Answer 31

Economic; environmental.

Question 32

A government integrates housing and employment policies into their health strategy. Which principle of the Alma-Ata Declaration is reflected?

Answer 32

Addressing social determinants of health.

Question 32

Why is intersectoral collaboration critical according to the Alma-Ata Declaration?

Answer 32

To address health determinants by involving sectors like education, agriculture, and social services.

Question 33

A rural health project involves local leaders and residents in decision-making. Which Alma-Ata principle does this align with?

Answer 33

Community participation.

Question 33

The Alma-Ata Declaration stresses the importance of involving ____ in health program planning, implementation, and evaluation.

Answer 33

Communities.

Question 34

What role does health promotion and prevention play in the Alma-Ata Declaration?

Answer 34

It is an integral component of primary health care, focusing on disease prevention and health education.

Question 35

How does the Alma-Ata Declaration view global cooperation?

Answer 35

As essential for supporting primary health care initiatives, especially in developing countries.

Question 36

A public health initiative targets marginalized communities to provide equitable access to care. Which Alma-Ata principle does this reflect?

Answer 36

Equity.

Question 37

Efforts to reduce health disparities must focus on ____ and ____ populations.

Answer 37

Vulnerable; marginalized.

Question 38

The Alma-Ata Declaration recognizes the ____ of health and development on a global scale.

Answer 38

Interdependence.

Question 39

Why is addressing environmental determinants important in the Alma-Ata Declaration?

Answer 39

Because environmental factors significantly influence health outcomes.

Question 40

An international organization funds health infrastructure improvements in a low-income country. Which principle of the Alma-Ata Declaration does this align with?

Answer 40

Global cooperation.

Question 41

Disease prevention, health promotion, and education are ____ components of primary health care.

Answer 41

Integral.

Question 42

A health campaign teaches handwashing and sanitation in schools. Which Alma-Ata principle is reflected?

Answer 42

Health promotion and prevention.

Question 43

What makes community participation crucial in the Alma-Ata Declaration?

Answer 43

It ensures the relevance and success of health care initiatives.

Question 44

Intersectional collaboration involves sectors like health, ____, agriculture, and social services.

Answer 44

Education.

Question 45

‬Key points of the Alma-Ata Declaration:‬

Answer 45

1. Primary Health Care (PHC): - Recognised as the cornerstone for achieving health for all. - Called for comprehensive, accessible, and community-based health services addressing diverse health needs. 2. Health as a Fundamental Right: - Affirmed that attaining the highest possible health standard is a human right. - Advocated for equitable access to adequate health care services for all. 3. Social Determinants of Health: - Acknowledged the role of social, economic, and environmental factors in influencing health outcomes. - Emphasised the need for social justice and addressing broader development issues. 4. Intersectoral Collaboration: - Called for cooperation between health, education, agriculture, and social services sectors. - Highlighted the interconnectedness of sectors in addressing health determinants. 5. Community Participation: - Stressed involving communities in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of health programs. - Recognised community participation as crucial for successful primary health care initiatives. 6. Health Promotion and Prevention: - Highlighted the importance of disease prevention, health promotion, and education as integral to PHC. 7. Equity: - Urged efforts to reduce health disparities. - Focused on reaching vulnerable and marginalised populations with equitable health services. 8. Global Cooperation: - Called for international collaboration and support for PHC initiatives in developing countries. - Recognised the interdependence of health and global development.

Question 46

Public Health Principles:

Answer 46

1. Collaboration: amongst various stakeholders to work towards common health goals e.g. govt, organisations, communities, individuals 2. Comprehensive: considers a wide range of factors that influence health e.g. biological, behavioural, social, environmental determinants 3. Ecological perspective: accounts for interconnectedness of individuals & their environments, health outcomes are influenced by multiple layers of influence 4. Multi-sectoral scope: action across different sectors to address health disparities & create supportive environments e.g. health, education, economics, urban planning 5. Community empowerment: ownership of own health & participation in decision making 6. Equity & social justice: reduce health disparities & promote fair access to health resources & opportunities, focus on social justice principles 7. Shared responsibility: collective effort in health promotion to improve PH

Question 47

MEXICO CITY MINISTERIAL DECLARATION ON HEALTH PROMOTION (2000)

Answer 47

- Health equity & social determinants - Empowerment & participation in decision making processes - Partnerships & collaboration, similar to the Jakarta Declaration - Globalisation & health promotion - Reaffirmation of Ottawa Charter principles - building healthy public policies, creating supportive environments, strengthening community actions, developing personal skills, reorienting health services

Question 48

BANGKOK CHARTER (2005)

Answer 48

- Advocate for health & well-being as essential human rights, prioritising health, social equity & sustainable development - Invest in health promotion by governments & stakeholders - Build capacity to enhance skills, knowledge & resources to empower communities - Regulate & legislate to create environments that support health & well-being - Build partnerships & collaboration across different sectors, organisations & communities

Question 49

NAIROBI CONFERENCE ON HEALTH INEQUALITIES (2009)

Answer 49

- Social determinants of health e.g. income, education, housing, employment - Access to healthcare - Global health disparities amongst low-income & marginalised populations in different parts of the work, and the need for international cooperation - Policy & advocacy - ways to engage govts, civil society organisations & international bodies - Research & data collection to better understand health inequalities & underlying causes - Health systems strengthening in low- and middle-income countries

Question 50

UAE HEALTH PROMOTION (2021)

Answer 50

- Expanding health promotion for well-being & equity to foster healthier populations - Identifying interventions to accelerate sustainable development goals (SDG) to support health promotion & well-being agendas - Role of health promotion in PH emergencies i.e. preparedness & response to build healthier & fairer societies post-crisis e.g. COVID-19 - Innovative approaches for flourishing societies by focusing on creating conditions & environments conducive to health where people live, work, age & play - High-level political commitment

Question 51

HELSINKI 2013

Answer 51

- Urban design & green spaces to encourage physical activity, leisure & social interaction among residents - Active transportation to reduce pollution & promote physical fitness e.g. bike sharing programs, pedestrian friendly streets, safe cycling lanes - Healthy food access e.g. supporting farmers’ markets, community gardens, policies to encourage healthier food choices in school - Healthcare services - preventative care & mental health, access to necessary medical resources - Social integration & inclusion - Environmental sustainability as health & environmental well-being go hand-in-hand - Health promotion campaigns to raise awareness about healthy lifestyle choices