health sax extended response Flashcards
(35 cards)
old public health
period of sanitary reform, public health act, organised approach to improve toilet access, sanitation, vaccination, quarantine /control or infectious diseases and access to clean water
new public health
increased awareness that ‘lifestyle factors’ influence health, many deaths are ‘preventable’, social and environmental factors responsible for ill-health, pursue ‘equity’ in health, focus on health promotion.
social model of health
approach that recognises improvements in HWB can only be achieved addressing the physical, sociocultural and political environments of health that have an impact on individuals and population groups.
If these factors can be addressed, many diseases and illnesses can be prevented.
social model of health A.R.E.A.S
A - address the broader determinants of health
R - acts to REDUCE social inequities
E - empowers individuals and communities
A - acts to enable ACCESS to healthcare
S - involves inter-SECTIORIAL collaboration
health outcomes of old public health
improved sanitation - lower mortality/morbidity from infectious disease such as cholera, diarrhoea and morbidity from gastro enteritis.
improved housing condition - lower incidence/mortality/morbidity of respiratory disease due to poor ventilation. lower incidence of influenza and pneumonia.
mass immunisation programs - greatly reduced morbidity/mortality from infectious diseases such as chicken pox, measles, COVID-19
old public health examples
focus on the physical environment.
- sanitation systems
- housing conditions
- better working conditions
- quarantine laws
mass vaccinations
- greatly reduced morbidity and mortality
- government created mass vaccinations in the 1930s for diphtheria and has been adding vaccines to the program ever since.
biomedical approach to health
focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness.
it is a medical model practised by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, treatment and cure of disease.
aim of biomedical model of health
return an individual to their pre-disease/illness/injury state.
this approach often ignores the causes of the condition in the first place.
examples of the biomedical model of health in action
- x-rays
- surgery
- going to GP to get diagnosis
- medication such as antibiotics
biomedical model of health pros
- creates advances in technology and research
- many common problems can be treated effectively
- extends life expectancy
biomedical model of health cons
- relies on professional health workers and technology and is therefore expensive
- it doesn’t always promote good health
- not every condition can be treated
improvements in tech
- vaccinations can now treat many diseases such as polio, influenza, chicken pox
- diagnosis tools such as blood tests, xray machines, MRIs, CAT scans
- treatments such as transplants, skin grafts, bypass surgeries, reconstructive surgeries
- different medical innovations such as gluing wounds, dissolvable stitches, prosthetic limbs
all of these improvements have greatly improved life expectancy and reduced mortality rates globally and in australia.
ottawa charter action area - build healthy public policy
related to decisions made by governments at organisations in relation to laws and policies/legislation that affect health.
E.G:
- Legislation to ban smoking in public places, workplaces and pubs and clubs
- drink driving laws
- compulsory wearing of bike helmets
ottawa charter action area - create supportive environments
focuses in developing an environment that promotes health and assists people in making healthy lifestyle choices. recognises the importance of physical, social and environmental factors.
E.G:
- programs for new parents in Maternal and Child Health Centres
- shaded play areas
- public workout areas, bike and walking tracks, sporting fields
ottawa charter action area - strengthen community action
focuses on building links between individuals and the community and centred around the community working together to achieve a common goal. encourages community empowerment/ownership.
E.G:
- Alcohol free events for young people
- Neighbourhood watch programs
- Developing a whole school approach to drug education
ottawa charter action area - Develop Personal Skills
Education of health-related knowledge and gaining of skills that allow people to make informed decisions that may indirectly affect their health. Aims to increase options available to people.
E.G
- Health education programs in schools
- Teaching kids SunSmart behaviours
- Working with people to create responsible drinking strategies
ottawa charter action area - Reorient Health Services
Reorienting the health system to shift focus from the biomedical model. Shares responsibility amongst individuals, health professionals, community groups, health service institutions and governments.
E.G
- Engaging youth workers to run programs in school
- Educating acute care nurses on health promotion
- General Practitioners giving advice on nutrition and physical activity
relationship between biomedical and SMOH
the biomedical approach and the development of the social model of health have strengths and limitations.
however, both approaches sit alongside each other and together have contributed to the improvements in health outcomes over time.
Improvements in Australia’s health since 1990
- has been signifigcant improvemts in health since 1900
- increase in life expectancy
- decrease in mortality and morbity of infectious diseases
- increasse in prevlance of non-communicable diseases
Old public health - 1900s
- introduced about the time of the 1900s
- when primary cause of death in aus was communicable diseases
- focus was on changing physical enviroment
- safe water
- sanitation
- housing conditions
- better workinf condiditions
Medicare
- is aus universial healthcare system, provides all aus citizens, permenat residents, and ppl from countries that have reciprocal agreements acess to healthcare with no cost.
- services covered by medicare:
- doctors (gps)
-public hospitals includonf surgey - blood tests and eye tests
- not covered:
-treatment in priv hospitals - dental services
-home nursing
medicare is funded through the medicare levy, medicare levy surcharge, and genreal taxation
Pharmaceutical benefits scheme (PBS)
- subsides the costs of many medications listed on the PBS list
- about 5000 medications avaliable to aussies
- however, unlike medicare instead of being completly free of charge medicines are subsided
- consumers must make a patient-co payment
Private health insurance
- type of insurance where members pay a small fee monthly called a premium to cover the cost of health related services not covered by medicare.
- waiting lists for surgeries in public hospitals are huge
- fedreal gov encouagres aussies to take out PHI through 3 incentivies:
- medicare levy surcharge
- private health insurance rebate
- the lifetime health cover
