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microbiology > Helicobacter, Pseudomonas, Bordetella Corynebacterium - Exam III > Flashcards

Helicobacter, Pseudomonas, Bordetella Corynebacterium - Exam III Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the gram stain, and shape of helicopter pylori:

A

Gram negative, vibrio- curved-spiral rod

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2
Q

Curved spiral-rod shape that some bacteria take on:

A

vibrio

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3
Q

List the virulence factors of helicobacter pylori:

A
  1. Urease
  2. VacA
  3. CagA
  4. Mucinase
  5. Flagella
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4
Q

Describe the role of the virulence factor “urease” in helicobacter pylori infection:

A

Urease breaks down urea into ammonia which causes a pH increase leading to the neutralization of stomach acid

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5
Q

Describe the role of the virulence factor “VacA” in helicobacter pylori infection:

A

This is a protein that acts on gastric mucosal epithelia an promotes the flow of urea into the stomach

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6
Q

Describe the role of the virulence factor “CagA” in helicobacter pylori infection:

A

This is a protein that is injected into host epithelia that causes cell changes (prelude to cancer)

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7
Q

Describe the role of the virulence factor “mucinase” in helicobacter pylori infection:

A

This is an enzyme that degrades the mucus layer allowing for the bacteria to penetrate

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8
Q

Describe the role of the virulence function of “flagella” in helicobacter pylori infection:

A

very important for the colonization on the epithelial surface of the stomach

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9
Q

This is a protein that acts on gastric mucosal epithelia an promotes the flow of urea into the stomach in helicobacter pylori

A

VacA

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10
Q

breaks down urea into ammonia which causes a pH increase leading to the neutralization of stomach acid in helicobacter pylori

A

Urease

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11
Q

breaks down urea into ammonia which causes a pH increase leading to the neutralization of stomach acid in helicobacter pylori

A

Urease

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12
Q

This is a protein that is injected into host epithelia that causes cell changes (prelude to cancer) in helicobacter pylori

A

CagA

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13
Q

This is an enzyme that degrades the mucus layer allowing for the bacteria to penetrate in helicobacter pylori:

A

mucinase

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14
Q

VacA is also a ____ that induces damage to cells

A

cytotoxin

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15
Q

What allows helicobacter pylori organisms to survive the acidity of the stomach juices

A

urease

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16
Q

Once the helicobacter pylori reach the mucous layer, they penetrate the epithelial surface causing:

A

inflammatory response

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17
Q

Helicobacter Pylori’s ability to thin the mucus lining will cause:

A

ulcers in 10-20% of infected individuals

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18
Q

Only a small percentage of individuals infected with helicobacter pylori will develop cancer however:

A

more than 90% of individuals with stomach cancer are infected with H. Pylori

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19
Q

In most people with helicobacter pylori infections, they present:

A

symptom free

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20
Q

Describe the shape and gram stain of pseudomonas aeruginosa:

A

gram NEGATIVE; short rods

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21
Q

Describe the flagella on pseudomonas:

A

polar; one or more; high mobility

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22
Q

Describe the oxygen requirements for pseudomonas aeruginosa:

A

obligate aerobes

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23
Q

Describe the nutrient requirements of pseudomonas aeruginosa:

A

simple nutrient requirements and able to grow on hundreds of carbon sources (acetate for example)

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24
Q

What is the temperature range in which pseudomonas aeruginosa can grow and multiply:

A

broad temperature range 20-43 degrees celcius

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25
List the virulence factors of pseudomonas aeruginosa:
1. alginate 2. LPS
26
What is the function of the virulence factor "alginate" in pseudomonas aeruginosa:
adherence; protection from dehydration; immune invasion, biofilm formation
27
What is the function of the virulence factor "LPS" in pseudomonas aeruginosa:
1. Lipid A is endotoxic 2. core interacts with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) 3. O-antigen protects from compliment/mediated killing
28
CFTR=
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator
29
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa is considered a ____ pathogen
opportunistic
30
Give an example of when pseudomonas aerguinosa might cause opportunistic infection:
1. cancer 2. cystic fibrosis 3. disease or weakened immunity
31
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is common in the:
environment (water + soil)
32
What is an example of a perfect culture condition for pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Hot tub
33
Why might a hot tub be a great environment to grow pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Pseudomonas are heat tolerant
34
Pseudomonas aeruginosa are resistant to:
1. many chemical disinfectants (like iodine) 2. many antibiotics
35
What allows for pseudomonas aeruginoas to be resistant to many antibiotics?
R-plasmid
36
What allows pseudomonas aeruginosa to be resistant to many chemical disinfectants?
capsule + alginate
37
Pseudomonas aeruginosa are a major problem in:
Hospitals (due to nosocomial infections)
38
Give examples of when pseudomonas aeruginosa may cause infections in a hospital setting:
1. lungs - ventilators & CF patients 2. skin- burn victims 3. bladder infections 4. ear infections 5. eye infections - contact lenses
39
What strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa may affect the lungs in patients on a vent or with CF:
mucoid strains
40
Swimmers ear is also called ____ and may be caused by ___.
Otitis externa; pseudomonas aeruginosa
41
What bacteria has a characteristic green sheen?
pseudomonas aeruginosa
42
What are two characteristic factors of pseudomonas aeruginosa that are also virulence factors?
soluble blue green dyes pyocyanin and pyoverdin
43
one major clinical feature in which pseudomonas causes infection is in:
pulmonary tract (CF patients)
44
What is the major epidemiology of pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Nosocomial infection
45
Describe the gram stain and shape of bordetella pertussis:
Gram negative; coccobacilli
46
Describe "coccobacilli"
Not quite quite rods, not quite cocci
47
What are the oxygen requirements of bodetella pertussis?
strict aerobe
48
Because bordetella pertussis lack a flagella, they are:
non-motile
49
Bordetella pertussis contain a ____ that serves as a virulence factor:
capsule
50
Describe the growth and location of B. Pertussis:
They show dense growth in the lower respiratory tract (bronchi & bronchioli) but without cell invasion and induce strong mucus secretion
51
What is the only known reservoir of B. Pertussis and why is this significant?
Humans- adult humans are the reservoir and pass it on to children who show disease symptoms
52
Whooping cough is a childhood illness caused by:
Bordetella pertussis
53
Bordetella pertussis is able to adhere to ___ but does NOT ____.
Ciliary respiratory tract cells; invade
54
What is the main cause of illness with B. Pertussis?
The toxins associated
55
What are the toxins of B. Pertussis?
1. pertussis toxin (ptx) 2. Secreted invasive adenylate cyclase/ hemolysin 3. tracheal cytotoxin
56
Describe the mechanism of pertussis toxin (ptx):
ADP-ribosylation of G-protein leading to increased cAMP which results in increased mucus and other secretions
57
Describe the mechanism of the secreted invasive adenylate cyclase/ hemolysin toxin of B. Pertussis:
invades epithelial cells and further increases cAMP production = even more mucus
58
Describe the mechanism of the tracheal cytotoxin produced by B. Pertussis:
induces nitric oxide release that ends up killing ciliated cells
59
_____ is a toxin of B. pertussis that is actually not a protein, rather just a component of the peptidoglycan layer:
tracheal cytotoxin
60
Describe the structure of tracheal cytotoxin (in B. Pertussis)
disaccharide-tetrapeptide
61
The the tracheal cytotoxin in B. Pertussis causes:
nitric oxide release (NO)
62
Most gram negative bacteria keep tracheal cytotoxin (TCT) within the cell wall by using a transporter preotin to recycle it, however, B. Pertussis:
is not capable of recycling TCT and is escapes to the surrounding environment where it has devastating effects on ciliated cells
63
What is the treatment of B. Pertussis?
DTaP vaccine (Diphtheria Tetanus acellular Pertussis)
64
What is important about the Pertussis component of the DTaP vaccine?
Important that the pertussis is ACELLULAR
65
Describe the epidemiology of B. pertussis:
aerosol transmission- children's disease (but mild symptoms in adults who are the reservoir)
66
Describe the gram stain and shape of corynebacterium diphtheriae:
gram positive; pleomorphic (often club-shaped rods)
67
What does pleiomorphic mean?
doesn't have a particular set shape
68
Corynebacterium diphtheriae can be part of our normal oral flora but can cause infection, it is considered:
an opportunistic pathogen
69
Describe the location of effects caused by infection of corynebacterium diphtheriae:
oral pathogen with systemic effects
70
Describe the cytotoxin of corynebacterium diphtheriae:
Diphtheria toxin; phage-beta encoded; AB toxin
71
What is the diphtheria toxin responsible for?
Pseudomembrane in throat; and heart & kidney damage
72
How does the diphtheria toxin produced by corynebacterium diphtheriae function:
Inhibits protein synthesis by inactivating an elongation factor of eukaryotic cells. This results in the killing of local cells (in the throat) but can also be carried in the blood stream to various organs
73
Describe the mechanism of the diphtheria toxin:
NAD + EF-2 ----> ADP ribose-EF2 (inactivated) + nicotinamide
74
The diphtheria toxin is a ___ toxin
AB
75
The diphtheria toxin binds to a receptor via the ___ component
B component
76
How does the diphtheria toxin get into the cell?
endocytosis (endosomes)
77
What happens when the endosome containing the diphtheria toxin matures?
Results in cleavage of the A component from the B component
78
Describe the A component of the diphtheria toxin and its function:
The A component is an ADP ribosylase; It will add an ADP ribose group to the translation factor EF2
79
What happens when the A component of the diphtheria toxin adds and ADP ribose group to the translation factor EF2?
This stops translation causing local cell death (throat)
80
What virulence factor does corynebacterium diphtheriae contain?
1. throat adhesion 2. diptheriae toxin
81
Ultimately the diptheria toxin causes:
ADP-ribosylation of EF2 causing translation to stop (cell death & pseudomembrane)
82
What toxin is responsible for ADP-ribosylation of EF2 causing termination of translation?
Diphtheria toxin
83
What is the significance of the pseudomembrane caused by the diphtheria toxin?
can cause blockage of airway
84
What is the pseudomembrane caused by diphtheria toxin comprised of?
1. C. diphtheriae cells 2. damaged host cells 3. blood
85
List the LOCAL disease risks from the diphtheria toxin:
1. paralysis (impaired swallowing & peripheral neuritis) 2. suffocation (due to blockage)
86
List the SYSTEMIC disease risks from the diphtheria toxin:
1. cardiac arrythmia 2. kidney failure
87
Discuss the treatment to infection with corynebacterium diphtheriae:
prevent toxoid by vaccination
88
Describe the epidemiology of the corynebacterium diphtheriae:
Spread by saliva droplets
89
What vaccination is diphtheria a part of?
DTaP
90
Being vaccinated against diphtheria is part of:
childhood vaccine protocol
91
What does DPT stand for?
Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus

microbiology (24 decks)

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