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microbiology > Immunizations- Exam IV > Flashcards

Immunizations- Exam IV Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

The two key public health measures that have a major effect on lowering the incidence of infectious disease:

A
  1. public sanitation
  2. vaccines
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2
Q

Potable water supplies, sewer disposal, improvements of housing:

A

public sanitation

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3
Q

Prevention of infectious diseases by inducing immune responses:

A

vaccines

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4
Q

An immunizing agents derived from microorganisms:

A

vaccine

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5
Q

Vaccines may consist of the following:

A
  1. live, attenuated microorganisms
  2. killed (irreversibly inactivated) microorganisms
  3. products or derivatives of microorganisms
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6
Q

Types of immunization includes:

A
  1. active immunization
  2. passive immunization
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7
Q

administration of a vaccine:

A

active immunization

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8
Q

administration of exogenous produced or preformed antibodies:

A

passive immunization

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9
Q

Passive immunization may also be considered:

A

postexposure treatment

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10
Q

Passive immunization involves the injection of purified antibody or antibody-containing serum to provide:

A

rapid, temporary protection or treatment

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11
Q

___ receive natural passive immunization:

A

newborns

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12
Q

How do newborns receive natural passive immunization?

A

maternal immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta and is present un breast milk

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13
Q

What are the uses of passive immunization (4):

A
  1. to prevent disease after known exposure
  2. to ameliorate the symptoms of an ongoing disease
  3. to protect immunodeficient individuals
  4. to block the action of bacterial toxins and prevention the diseases they cause
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14
Q

Human immune globulins are used against:

A

Hep A
Hep B
Rabies
Respiratory syncytial virus
Varicella zoster
Tetanus

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15
Q

Animal antitoxins are used against:

A

botulism and diptheria

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16
Q

A limitation of passive immunization is that sometimes ____ are not high enough

A

antiviral titers

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17
Q

A limitation of passive immunization is that ____ can occur with other infectious agents

A

contamination

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18
Q

A limitation of passive immunization is that its needs to be used ____

A

early after exposure

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19
Q

A limitation of passive immunization is that it is often:

A

not possible

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20
Q

A limitation of passive immunization is that some viruses have a limited:

A

extracellular phase

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21
Q

What viruses have limited extracellular phase limiting the efficacy of passive immunity?

A

herpesviruses & enteroviruses

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22
Q

What can inhibit the immune response elicited by vaccines?

A

antibody-containing products

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23
Q

Because antibody-containing products can inhibit the immune response elicited by the vaccines, administration of vaccines should be:

A

delayed until passive antibody has degraded

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24
Q

For diseases with long incubation periods, both ___ & ___ are used for postexposure control

A

active and passive immunization

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25
What are some diseases with long incubation periods that require both active and passive immunization for postexposure control?
rabies, Hep B and tetanus
26
Use of vaccines to elicit immune responses:
active immunizations
27
Active immunizations may be:
inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines or live (attenuated) vaccines
28
Type of vaccine in which there is no risk of infection:
inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines
29
What type of active immunization uses large amounts of antigen?
inactivated subunit and killed vaccines
30
How are inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines created for bacteria, viruses
inactivated or killed by chemical treatment or heat
31
What are required to boos the immunogenicity of inactive, subunit and killed vaccines?
adjuvants
32
Alum (aluminum salt) and secretory IgA are types of:
adjuvant
33
Modern adjuvants are designed to be or mimic:
PAMPA
34
List some modern adjuvants:
1. bacterial cell wall components 2. synthetic polymers 3. bacterial toxins (attenuated)
35
Adjuvants influence the type of:
immune response
36
Adjuvants influence the type of immune response such as:
Th1 or Th2
37
Some disadvantages of inactivated, subunit and killed vaccines include: Immunity is not usually:
long-lived
38
Why is immunity generally not long lived with inactive, subunit, and killed vaccines?
because they generate a Th2 response that does not elicit effective immunity memory
39
Some disadvantages of inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines include: Immunity may be ___ and not ___
humoral and not cell mediated
40
Some disadvantages of inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines include: The vaccine does not usually elicit a:
local IgA response
41
Some disadvantages of inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines include: ___ are required
booster shots
42
Some disadvantages of inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines include: Larger ___ must be used
doses
43
Bacterial vaccines that are toxoids include:
corynebacterium diptheriae and clostridium tetani
44
Inactivated killed bacterial vaccines include:
vibrio cholera
45
Capsule or protein subunits of bacteria made into capsular polysaccharide vaccines include:
haemophilus influenzae B
46
Corynebacterium diptheriae and clostridium tetani are both:
bacterial toxoid vaccines
47
what type of vaccine is the vibrio cholera vaccine?
inactivated killed bacterial vaccine
48
The haemophuilus influenzae B vaccine is what type of vaccine?
capsular polysaccharide vaccine
49
His polysaccharide + diptheria toxoid are conjugated in a vaccine because polysaccharides are poor:
immunogens
50
Viral vaccines are made of:
inactivated viruses and protein subunits of viruses
51
Polio, Hep A, Influenza, and rabies vaccines are all ___ vaccine made of ___
viral vaccines made of inactivated viruses
52
Hep B vaccine is a ___ vaccine made of ___
viral vaccine; protein subunits of the virus
53
Vaccines that use avirulent or attenuated microorganisms:
live vaccines
54
The immunization with a live vaccine resembles the:
natural infection
55
Following immunization with a live vaccine, the host reaction progresses through:
Th1 and Th2 immune responses
56
What immune responses are developed following immunization with a live vaccine?
humoral, cellular, and memory immune responses
57
With immunization of a live vaccine, how many doses are required?
single dose
58
With immunization of a live vaccine, describe the resulting immunity?
long-lived
59
Are adjuvents required with live vaccines?
no
60
Disadvantages of live vaccines include: Vaccine microorganism may still be dangerous for:
immunosuppressed people, pregnant women
61
Why might vaccines microorganisms in live be dangerous for immunosuppressed people or pregnant women?
they do not have the immunologic resources to resolve even a weakened infecton
62
Disadvantages of live vaccines include: the vaccine microorganism may revert to:
a virulent form
63
Disadvantages of live vaccines include: The viability of the vaccine must be:
maintianed
64
Calmette-Guerin Bacillus is a ___ vaccine
Live bacterial vaccine
65
Calmette-Guerin Bacillus vaccine is composed of:
attenuated strain of mycobacterium bovis
66
Why is the calmette-guerin bacillus vaccine not routinely used in the US?
because vaccinated individuals show a false-positive reaction to the tuberculosis test used in this country
67
What test is used to test for tuberculosis?
PPD test (purified protein derivative test)
68
The MMR vaccine is a ___ vaccine
live viral vaccine
69
What does the MMR vaccine protect against?
Measles virus, mumps virus, rubella virus
70
What family does measles and mumps belong to?
paramyxovirus family
71
What genus of measles is included in the MMR vaccine?
morbillivirus
72
What genus of mumps is included in the MMR vaccine?
Paramyxovirus
73
What genus of rubella is included in the MMR vaccine?
Rubivirus
74
What family of viruses does rubella virus belong to?
togavirus family
75
What other virus may be included in the MMR vaccine?
Varicella-zoster vaccine (making it MMRV)
76
The host immune responses associated with disease protection:
correlates of protection
77
Vaccines that protect solely or principally by induction of serum antibodies include:
Hep A and tetanus
78
____ play a role in protect against infections caused by agents that must first replicate on mucosal surfaces
secretory antibodies
79
Example of secretory antibodies that play a role in protection against infections caused by agents that must first replicate on mucosal surfaces includes:
rotavirus
80
Vaccines for which T-cell responses are essential include:
measles and varicella
81
SARs-CoV-2 vaccines generate:
active immunity
82
The Pfizer-bioNtech & moderna covid vaccine is a ____ vaccine encoding the ___
mRNA; spike protein
83
The Johnson and Johnson vaccine is a ___ vaccine encoding the ___
viral vector vaccine; spike protein
84
Describe how the mRNA vaccine encoding the spike protein works (moderna & Prizer):
mRNA enters cells and is translated into parts of spike
85
Describe how the viral vector vaccine encoding the spike protein works (Johnson & Johnson):
Engineered harmless adenovirus (DNA virus) that infects cells and then produces parts of spike
86
What is the viral vector used in the Johnson and Johnsons vaccine?
adenovirus
87
The novavax vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 is a ___ vaccine that contains parts of the ___ and ___
protein subunit vaccine; spike protein; adjuvants
88
What are the adjuvants included in the SARS-CoV-2 protein subunit vaccine?
saponins
89
Treatment for COVID-19 based on passive immunity to SARS-CoV include:
monoclonal antibodies (mAb's) against SARS CoV-2 are viral entry inhibitors
90
What do the monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 find?
SARS-CoV2 virions
91
What happens when the monoclonal antibodies bind SARS-CoV2 virions?
neutralization
92
What does it mean to "neutralize" the SARS-CoV-2 virions?
to block the virus from interacting with ACE2 receptors and entering cells
93
What is blocked from the virus following neutralization of the SARS-CoV-2 virions?
ACE 2 Receptors
94
The first monoclonal antibody for treating Covid 19 was derived from:
a patient that had recovered from the disease
95
The first monoclonal antibodies for treating covid 19 was derived from a patient that had recovered from the disease and their serum contained:
neutralizing IgG1 antibody directed against the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein

microbiology (24 decks)

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