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Hell aka bones Flashcards

1
Q

Cells of perichondrium secrete matrix against external face of existing cartilage

A

Appositional growth

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2
Q

Cells of perichondrium secrete?

A

matrix against external face exsiting cartilage

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3
Q

Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within.

A

Interstitial growth

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4
Q

What is the skeletal cartilage surround by?

A

Perichondrium, Dense Irregular CT, Blood vessels

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5
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

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6
Q

Which type of cartilage: Collagen fibers only, looks smooth and glossy?

A

Hyaline

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7
Q

Axial skeleton contains…?

A

skull, vertebral column and rib cage

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8
Q

Axial skeleton purpose?

A

protection, support

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9
Q

Appendicular skeleton contains..?

A

limbs and girdle

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10
Q

Appendicular skeleton purpose?

A

movement

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11
Q

4 types of bone?

A

long, short, flat, irregular

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12
Q

longer than wide

limb, wrist and ankle

A

long bones

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13
Q

cube shape- wrist and ankle

sesamoid bones

A

short bones

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14
Q

thin, flat and slightly curved- sternum, ribs, skull

A

flat bones

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15
Q

complicated shapes- vertebrae

A

irregular

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16
Q

Secreted by parafollicular cells of thyroid; inhibits osteoclasts (at pharmacological/high doses in humans)

A

calcitonin

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17
Q

secreted by parathyroid; stimulates osteoclasts (when Ca2+ is low)

A

Parathyroid hormone

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18
Q

: Secreted by osteoblasts (and high conc. is therefore a surrogate marker to indicate bone deposition/growth

A

Osteocalin

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19
Q

stimulates pancreatic beta cells to secrete insulin, and stimulates adipocytes to secrete adiponectin, which augments insulin sensitivity of cells.

A

Osteocalin

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20
Q

are bones organs?

A

yessssss

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21
Q

Bone textures; dense outer layer, smooth and solid

A

compact

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22
Q

Bone textures: aka cancellous or trabecular, sparse inner layer

A

spongy

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23
Q

outer or inner

periosteum

A

outer

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24
Q

outer or inner

endosteum

A

inner

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25
What covers articular surfaces?
hyaline cartilage
26
Osteogenic layer contains?
osteogenic cells
27
Yellow marrow is
triglyceride (fat) storage
28
Red marrow is
Hematopoiesis
29
Where is red marrow found?
within the trabecular cavities of spongy bone and diploe of flat bones and irregular bones
30
Can yellow marrow change to red?
if necessary yas
31
Three types of bone growth?
Appositional, interstial and Calcification
32
5 types of bone cells
osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone lining cells and osteo clasts
33
Osteogenic cells can become?
osteoblast and bone lining cell and self renew
34
which cell is a bone stem cell?
osteogenic
35
Which cell secretes ECM
osteoblast
36
Does proteoglycans attract or detract water
attract
37
Osteoblast can become
bone lining cell and osteocyte
38
which cell helps maintain ECM
bone lining cell
39
which cell is trapped in lacuna
osteocyte
40
which cell breaks down ecm
ostoclast
41
unit of compact bone
osteon
42
What is hydroxyapatites
mineral salts
43
What are the two types of ossification?
endochondral and intramembranous
44
Which ossification forms within hyaline cartilage?
Endochocdral
45
Which ossification forms within fibrous membrane?
Intramembranous
46
Endochodral is done in which type of bones?
Long bones and most of skeleton
47
Intramembranous is done in which type of bones?
flat bones
48
postnatal bone growth how does appositional bone grow?
it increases in bone thickness
49
postnatal bone growth how does interstitial bone grow?
it increases in length of long bones
50
What are the 5 cartilage growth zones
resting, proliferation, hpertophic, calcification and ossification
51
What is the epiphyseal plate replaced by?
bone
52
which cell will beneath periosteum secrete bone matrix on external bone
osteoblasts
53
which cell will remove bone on endosteal surface
osteoclasts
54
which hormone is Most important in stimulating epiphyseal plate activity in infancy and childhood.
Growth hormone
55
Which hormone modulates activity of growth hormone and ensures proper proportions?
Thyroid Hormone
56
Which hormone promotes adolescent growth spurts and end growth by epiphyseal plate closure
Testosterone and estrogen
57
How often is spongy bone replaced?
3-4 years
58
How often is compact bone replaced?
ten years
59
Bone remolding has two processes
deposit and resorption
60
bone remolding happens in what two location
periosteum and endosteum
61
What secretes lysomal enzymes and protons?
osteoclasts
62
Acidity converts what to soluble forms?
calcium
63
Transcytosis does what
Releases into the interstitial fluid which then goes to the blood
64
Once bone resorption is complete what has happened
osteoclasts become apoptosis
65
What degrades bone matrix and releases Ca2+ into the blood?
osteoclasts
66
Hypocalcemia is
low Ca2+
67
what does hypocalcemia lead to?
hyperexcitability which leads to seizures
68
Hypercalcemia is
High Ca2+
69
Hypercalcemia does what
deposits calcium salts in blood vessels and organs
70
What is wolfs law
bone features reflect stresses (weight, muscle pull)
71
What are the three fracture classifications
position of bone ends, completeness and skin penetration
72
Fracture classification; nondisplaced
ends retain normal position
73
Fracture classification; displaced
ends out of normal alignment
74
Fracture classification; open or compound
penetrated
75
Fracture classification; closed or simple
not penetrated
76
What is rickets?
bowed legs, bent bones in children epiphyseal plate doesn't ossify
77
Rickets in adults?
osteomalacia
78
Cause of rickets and osteomalacia?
hypocalcemia or insufficient Ca intake or absorption
79
What is Pagats disease
Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption

A&P (16 decks)

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