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A&P > Hell aka bones > Flashcards

Hell aka bones Flashcards

1
Q

Cells of perichondrium secrete matrix against external face of existing cartilage

A

Appositional growth

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2
Q

Cells of perichondrium secrete?

A

matrix against external face exsiting cartilage

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3
Q

Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within.

A

Interstitial growth

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4
Q

What is the skeletal cartilage surround by?

A

Perichondrium, Dense Irregular CT, Blood vessels

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5
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

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6
Q

Which type of cartilage: Collagen fibers only, looks smooth and glossy?

A

Hyaline

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7
Q

Axial skeleton contains…?

A

skull, vertebral column and rib cage

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8
Q

Axial skeleton purpose?

A

protection, support

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9
Q

Appendicular skeleton contains..?

A

limbs and girdle

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10
Q

Appendicular skeleton purpose?

A

movement

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11
Q

4 types of bone?

A

long, short, flat, irregular

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12
Q

longer than wide

limb, wrist and ankle

A

long bones

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13
Q

cube shape- wrist and ankle

sesamoid bones

A

short bones

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14
Q

thin, flat and slightly curved- sternum, ribs, skull

A

flat bones

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15
Q

complicated shapes- vertebrae

A

irregular

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16
Q

Secreted by parafollicular cells of thyroid; inhibits osteoclasts (at pharmacological/high doses in humans)

A

calcitonin

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17
Q

secreted by parathyroid; stimulates osteoclasts (when Ca2+ is low)

A

Parathyroid hormone

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18
Q

: Secreted by osteoblasts (and high conc. is therefore a surrogate marker to indicate bone deposition/growth

A

Osteocalin

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19
Q

stimulates pancreatic beta cells to secrete insulin, and stimulates adipocytes to secrete adiponectin, which augments insulin sensitivity of cells.

A

Osteocalin

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20
Q

are bones organs?

A

yessssss

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21
Q

Bone textures; dense outer layer, smooth and solid

A

compact

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22
Q

Bone textures: aka cancellous or trabecular, sparse inner layer

A

spongy

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23
Q

outer or inner

periosteum

A

outer

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24
Q

outer or inner

endosteum

A

inner

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25
Q

What covers articular surfaces?

A

hyaline cartilage

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26
Q

Osteogenic layer contains?

A

osteogenic cells

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27
Q

Yellow marrow is

A

triglyceride (fat) storage

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28
Q

Red marrow is

A

Hematopoiesis

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29
Q

Where is red marrow found?

A

within the trabecular cavities of spongy bone and diploe of flat bones and irregular bones

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30
Q

Can yellow marrow change to red?

A

if necessary yas

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31
Q

Three types of bone growth?

A

Appositional, interstial and Calcification

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32
Q

5 types of bone cells

A

osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone lining cells and osteo clasts

33
Q

Osteogenic cells can become?

A

osteoblast and bone lining cell and self renew

34
Q

which cell is a bone stem cell?

A

osteogenic

35
Q

Which cell secretes ECM

A

osteoblast

36
Q

Does proteoglycans attract or detract water

A

attract

37
Q

Osteoblast can become

A

bone lining cell and osteocyte

38
Q

which cell helps maintain ECM

A

bone lining cell

39
Q

which cell is trapped in lacuna

A

osteocyte

40
Q

which cell breaks down ecm

A

ostoclast

41
Q

unit of compact bone

A

osteon

42
Q

What is hydroxyapatites

A

mineral salts

43
Q

What are the two types of ossification?

A

endochondral and intramembranous

44
Q

Which ossification forms within hyaline cartilage?

A

Endochocdral

45
Q

Which ossification forms within fibrous membrane?

A

Intramembranous

46
Q

Endochodral is done in which type of bones?

A

Long bones and most of skeleton

47
Q

Intramembranous is done in which type of bones?

A

flat bones

48
Q

postnatal bone growth how does appositional bone grow?

A

it increases in bone thickness

49
Q

postnatal bone growth how does interstitial bone grow?

A

it increases in length of long bones

50
Q

What are the 5 cartilage growth zones

A

resting, proliferation, hpertophic, calcification and ossification

51
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate replaced by?

A

bone

52
Q

which cell will beneath periosteum secrete bone matrix on external bone

A

osteoblasts

53
Q

which cell will remove bone on endosteal surface

A

osteoclasts

54
Q

which hormone is Most important in stimulating epiphyseal plate activity in infancy and childhood.

A

Growth hormone

55
Q

Which hormone modulates activity of growth hormone and ensures proper proportions?

A

Thyroid Hormone

56
Q

Which hormone promotes adolescent growth spurts and end growth by epiphyseal plate closure

A

Testosterone and estrogen

57
Q

How often is spongy bone replaced?

A

3-4 years

58
Q

How often is compact bone replaced?

A

ten years

59
Q

Bone remolding has two processes

A

deposit and resorption

60
Q

bone remolding happens in what two location

A

periosteum and endosteum

61
Q

What secretes lysomal enzymes and protons?

A

osteoclasts

62
Q

Acidity converts what to soluble forms?

A

calcium

63
Q

Transcytosis does what

A

Releases into the interstitial fluid which then goes to the blood

64
Q

Once bone resorption is complete what has happened

A

osteoclasts become apoptosis

65
Q

What degrades bone matrix and releases Ca2+ into the blood?

A

osteoclasts

66
Q

Hypocalcemia is

A

low Ca2+

67
Q

what does hypocalcemia lead to?

A

hyperexcitability which leads to seizures

68
Q

Hypercalcemia is

A

High Ca2+

69
Q

Hypercalcemia does what

A

deposits calcium salts in blood vessels and organs

70
Q

What is wolfs law

A

bone features reflect stresses (weight, muscle pull)

71
Q

What are the three fracture classifications

A

position of bone ends, completeness and skin penetration

72
Q

Fracture classification; nondisplaced

A

ends retain normal position

73
Q

Fracture classification; displaced

A

ends out of normal alignment

74
Q

Fracture classification; open or compound

A

penetrated

75
Q

Fracture classification; closed or simple

A

not penetrated

76
Q

What is rickets?

A

bowed legs, bent bones in children epiphyseal plate doesn’t ossify

77
Q

Rickets in adults?

A

osteomalacia

78
Q

Cause of rickets and osteomalacia?

A

hypocalcemia or insufficient Ca intake or absorption

79
Q

What is Pagats disease

A

Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption

A&P (16 decks)

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