Questions from Hell Test 2

Question 1

Are ion channels active/passive?

Answer 1

Passive

Question 2

If you open a Na+ channel in the membrane:

- which way does Na+ flow? (in or out of cell

Answer 2

IN

Question 3

If you open a Na+ channel in the membrane: - does the cell’s membrane potential become more positive, or more negative?

Answer 3

MORE POSITIVE

Question 4

If you open a K+ channel in the membrane:

- which way does K+ flow? (in or out of cell)

Answer 4

out bitch

Question 5

If you open a K+ channel in the membrane:

- does the cell’s membrane potential become more positive, or more negative

Answer 5

More nega-i-tive

Question 6

_______ binds Ca2+ in a muscle fiber.

Answer 6

Troponin

Question 7

_______ covers the myosin-binding sites of actin when muscle fiber is “at rest”.

Answer 7

Tropomyosin

Question 8

The voltage-gated Ca2+ channel is located where (to cause neurotransmitter release): ____________

Answer 8

Axon Terminal of NMJ

Question 9

The ____-gated ___ channel is activated at “threshold”.

Answer 9

Voltage Gaited Na Channel

Question 10

The ACh receptor functions as a ____-gated ___ channel.

Answer 10

ligand(chemically) gaited Ion Channel

Question 11

Where is the ACh receptor is located? (Be as specific as possible in your description so that it is not ambiguous.)

Answer 11

Sarcolemma

Question 12

T/F: Muscle fibers conduct Action Potentials, like neurons.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What does sarcomere mean?

Answer 13

cytoplasam of muscle fiber

Question 14

fundamental unit of muscle is…..?

Answer 14

sarcomere

Question 15

Classify each as Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth (unitary), or Smooth (multi-unit). May be true for more than type.

Has sarcomeres

Answer 15

skeletal, cardiac

Question 16

Classify each as Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth (unitary), or Smooth (multi-unit). May be true for more than type.

Cells are electrically coupled by gap junctions

Answer 16

cardiac,smooth

Question 17

Classify each as Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth (unitary), or Smooth (multi-unit). May be true for more than type.

Site of Ca2+ regulation is calmodulin

Answer 17

smooth

Question 18

Classify each as Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth (unitary), or Smooth (multi-unit). May be true for more than type.

Site of Ca2+ regulation is troponin

Answer 18

skeletal, cardiac

Question 19

When muscles burn ATP to do work, which molecule acts as the ATPase?

Answer 19

myosin

Question 20

ATP hydrolysis is needed for which step of the cross-bridge cycle?

Answer 20

cocking of myosin head

Question 21

Order these items from smallest to largest: troponin
Muscle fiber
myosin
Myofibril
sarcomere

Answer 21

troponin
myosin
sarcomere
myofibril
muscle Fiber

Question 22

Which is NOT a component of osteoid?
Glycoproteins
Inorganic Phosphate (Pi)
Ca2+-binding proteins
Collagen fibers

Answer 22

Inorganic Phospate

Question 23

Which cell secretes osteoid?
Osteoclast
Osteocyte
Osteoblast
Osteogenic cell
Both A & B

Answer 23

Osteoblast

Question 24

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is secreted in response to hypocalcemia.
Thyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone
Testosterone
Osteocalcin

Answer 24

Parathyroid

Question 25

``` Wolff’s Law applies to: Changes in height of individuals Appositional growth Interstitial growth The epiphyseal plate ```

Answer 25

appositional growth

Question 26

``` Which protein covers the myosin-binding sites of actin in the absence of intracellular Ca2+? Myosin Tropomyosin Troponin Tropism ```

Answer 26

Tropomyosin

Question 27

In it’s resting state, a neuron has more Na+ _______________. Intracellularly Extracellularly

Answer 27

Extracellularly

Question 28

In it’s resting state, a muscle fiber has more Na+ _________________. A. Intracellularly Extracellularly

Answer 28

Extracellularly

Question 29

Which type of smooth muscle allows for graded contractions? Unitary Multi-unit

Answer 29

multi unit

Question 30

During which phase of the muscle twitch does excitation-contraction coupling occur? Latency Phase Contraction Phase Relaxation Phase

Answer 30

Latency

Question 31

``` Which of the following ions are conducted through voltage-gated channels during any phase of the action potential? Ca2+ Na+ K+ Both B & C All of the above ```

Answer 31

B AND C

Question 32

Which way does K+ flow during an Action Potential? In Out

Answer 32

Out

Question 33

Which of the 3 ATP regeneration pathways relies on creatine? Direct Phosphorylation Anaerobic pathway Aerobic pathway

Answer 33

Direct Phosphorylation

Question 34

What does isotonic mean

Answer 34

same stretch tension

Question 35

Interstital means

Answer 35

small space between

Question 36

what is hematopoiesis

Answer 36

production of all blood cells

Question 37

what are osteogenic cells

Answer 37

stem cells

Question 38

Growth of cartilage by chondroblasts secreting against the external surface of cartilage is called _________ growth.

Answer 38

appositional

Question 39

______ cartilage covers articular surfaces.

Answer 39

hyaline

Question 40

“chondroid” literally means “_____ _____”.

Answer 40

resembling carilage

Question 41

T/F: calcified cartilage is called bone.

Answer 41

False

Question 42

Osteogenic cells are found within ________. Endosteum Periosteum Both

Answer 42

both

Question 43

Name two synonyms for “spongy bone”: _______ _______

Answer 43

trabecular and cancellous

Question 44

osteocalcin is a ....

Answer 44

hormone

Question 45

Which holds more water, a glycoprotein or a proteoglycan?

Answer 45

glocoprotein

Question 46

Name all the cell types that can be derived (directly or indirectly) from bone stem cells (osteogenic cells).

Answer 46

bone lining cell osteoblast osteocyte

Question 47

Osteoblasts can become which 2 other cell types?

Answer 47

osteocyte | bone lining

Question 48

Which bone cell secretes osteocalcin?

Answer 48

osteoblast

Question 49

When blood calcium (Ca2+) gets too low, this causes the parathyroid to release of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which targets osteoclasts. Predict: Does PTH stimulate or inhibit osteoclasts?

Answer 49

stimulate

Question 50

Classify each process as Endochondral, Intramembranous, or Both: Chondrocytes hypertrophy.

Answer 50

Endochondral

Question 51

Classify each process as Endochondral, Intramembranous, or Both: Red Marrow fills trabecular cavities.

Answer 51

both bitch

Question 52

Classify each process as Endochondral, Intramembranous, or Both: Osteoblasts secrete osteoid.

Answer 52

both bitch

Question 53

Classify each process as Endochondral, Intramembranous, or Both: Medullary cavity forms.

Answer 53

Endochondral

Question 54

Classify each process as Endochondral, Intramembranous, or Both: Cartilage model acts as scaffold, replaced by bone.

Answer 54

Endochondral

Question 55

Classify each as Appositional or Interstitial bone growth: | 6. Occurs at the Epiphyseal plate.

Answer 55

Interstitial

Question 56

Classify each as Appositional or Interstitial bone growth: 7. Achieves bone remodeling.

Answer 56

Appositional

Question 57

Classify each as Appositional or Interstitial bone growth: 8. Is directed by growth hormone.

Answer 57

Interstital

Question 58

In which zone do interstitial bone growth do chondrocytes?

Answer 58

calification ZONEEEEEE

Question 59

H+ secretion will cause pH to become more _______.

Answer 59

acidic

Question 60

What is apoptosis

Answer 60

program cell death

Question 61

Low [Ca2+] levels in the blood stimulates osteoclast activity. Why?

Answer 61

breaks down bone to add calcium to the blood stream

Question 62

High Ca2+ levels will cause PTH levels to: | Increase or decrease?

Answer 62

decrease

Question 63

Realignment of broken bones is called ________.

Answer 63

reduction

Question 64

Which of these steps occurs last in bone repair: Bony callus Hematoma Fibrocartilagenous callus

Answer 64

boney callus

Question 65

An elderly patient with osteoporosis should take an osteoclast _______. A. Inhibitor B. Activator

Answer 65

inhibitor