Henry Viii foreign policy Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
What happend on 22nd April 1509
A
Henry viii,s accession to the throne
2
Q
1510-Treaty of Etaples
3 points
A
Renewed with France.
Work of his farther’s councillors.
Henry sent Archbishop of York (Christopher Bainbridge) to persuade Pope Julius 11 to enter an alliance vs France.(previously)
3
Q
Successes of Treaty of Etaples 1510-2
A
Built an alliance with France therefore preventing a costly war or invasion.
Trying to follow in footsteps of his idol, Henry V who had conquered half of France.
4
Q
Failures of Treaty of Etaples 1510-3
A
Henry lacked true authority (councillors had control and authority).
Being controlled by his farther’s councillors made him appear weak
Went against his word of waging war against France.
5
Q
What happend in 1511
A
Henry made a deal with Spain to attack France and joined the Holy League vs France (alongside the Pope, the Venitians, the Swiss and Ferdinand of Aragon).
His farther had never been able to do this, showing the change in acceptance and the difrences in the rule of himself and his farther.
6
Q
When was the first invasion of France
A
1512- Henry sent a substantial army of 10,000 Englishmen on an expidition to France under the Marquis of Dorset.
Ferdinand of Aragon had persuaded Henry to do so and Ferdinad used it as a diversionary tactic to conquer Navarre on the French-Spanish boarder.
Faiulure as Henry was manipulated easily by Ferdinand and achieved nothing.
7
Q
When was the Second invasion of French
A
16th August 1513
8
Q
Events of the Second French Invasion-The Battle of Spurs
Events, impact of Wolsey,outcome
A
Henry personally lead an army of 25,000 men into Northern France.
His armies siezed control of the French towns Tournai and Therouanne. (not a great victory as unimpresive towns,little gain,’ungracious doghole).
Wolsey provided the army for the seige of Therouanne and was congratulated by the Pope for his efforts. His cavalry chased afer a detatchment of French cavalry, who dug in their spurs to escape defeat.
Outcome- Henry’s men captured notable prisoners, eventhough Henry was absent during the Battle of Spurs.
Henry b elieved he had won glory in this campaign, but it was actualy Maximillian who gained strategically from their capture.
9
Q
The Battle of Flodden-When,why and what
A
9th September 1513- Arose because James IV crossed the boarder with an army of 30,000-40,000(estimated). Henry responded with an English army of 26,000 men, led by the veteran soldier Earl of Surrey.
James was killed (huge victory), along with much of the Scotish nobility, leaving the Scotish throne in the hands of the infant James V.
Henry was in France and his regent Catherine of Aragon organised the English armies to defeat the Scots. ( good propoganda victory as Henry viii claimed it as his victory.)
Henry lacked control, but his ruthlessness and military power was shown in his killing of James IV.
10
Q
Who married in 1514
A
Princess Mary Tudor and Louis XII King of France.
11
Q
Who died in 1515 and who succeeded them
A
1515- Death of Louis XII, succeeded by Francis 1. FVance
12
Q
What is the ‘auld alliance’
A
The traditional alliance between Scotland and France
13
Q
The ‘auld alliance’ by 1514 (2 points)
A
- Remained strong
2. When England was on good terms with France there tended to be few Anglo-Scotish issues and vice versa.
14
Q
Henry’s foreign policy by 1514
A
Henry had ran out of money to continue a war-like foreign policy by the end of 1514.This had 2 consequences:
- Unable to exploit weakness of Sciots after bdeath of James IV
- Sought peace with France (marriage alliance between Louis XII and Mary, howev this was short lived).
15
Q
Wod died in 1516 and who succeeded them
A
Ferdiand of Aragon died in 1516 and was succeeded by Charles I ( Later becameCharles V of HRE)
16
Q
When was the Treaty of London signed and what were the terms
A
October 1518 and it was an international peace treaty signed by Spain, France, Eng, HRE, Pope and many more. Did not include Popes idea for a campaign vs Ottomans(Turkish Empire). Put Wolsey and Henry VIII at the centre of European peace. Did not last very long.
17
Q
Where did Wolsey get the idea for the Treat of London
A
Wolsey hyjacked Pope Leo X’s idea for a campaign againts the Ottomans (Turkish Empire) and brilliantly turned it into an international peace treaty signed by France, Spain, England, The Pope, HRE Maximillian and over 20 minor powers.
18
Q
What did the position of Papal Legate give Wolsey
A
Papal Lagate gave Wolsey control over the church in england. He was appointed by the Pope as his personal repersentitive in England. This meant was Wolsey was at the heighjt of his power in October 1518, when the Trearty of LOndon was signed.
19
Q
What did Charles V appointment as HRE cause
A
After his appointment as HRE in 1519, tension arose between France and Spain and more specifically Charles V and his election opponent Francis I.
This broke down peace treatiesd between the 2 e.g. Treaty of London (Oct 1518).
Charles was now the ruler of Spain, the HRE and the Netherlands.
20
Q
When was the Field of Cloth of Gold
A
June 1520
21
Q
The Field of Cloth of Gold
A
- Henry met Francis I at the Field of Cloth of Gold, close to Calais, to build upon their friendship.
- Henry wanted to secure Francis I as his ally.
- This magnificent meeting lasted two weeks and involved jousting and the construction of dazzling tents.
- Wolsey was the mastermind and organized for 6,000 people to travel with and serve the King.
22
Q
How much did the field of Cloth of Gold cost.
A
1 years revenue.
23
Q
What was the outcome of the field of Cloth of Gold
A
Nothing was decided at this meeting and France and England were at war again less than 2 years later.
Henry was pleased with the honour and glory that he felt the event had brought him.
24
Q
The Hasburg-Valos War(HRE vs France) / Italian wars
A
1494-1559
- Fighting broke out in April 1521 when Francis 1 declared war on Charles V when he invaded Luxembourg.
- The two met in Calais in August 1521 in which Wolsey was supposed to broker a peace deal between the representatives of the two.
- Henry lacked power to be a referee or arbiter (person who settles disputes) in the Hasburg-Valois War.
- Henry decided to ally with Charles V and they signed the Treaty of Bruges in which Henry agreed to declare war on Francis I if he refused to make peace.
- This treaty was to be kept secret until November as by then Henry would have received the next instalment of his French pension.
- Charles V was to compensate Henry for his lost French pension and Charles became engaged to Mary, Henry’s youngest daughter.
25
The First French War
First French war had begun in 1512.
Ferdinand captured Navarre.
War cost £892,000 draining the crown's finace.
Tournai and Therouanne captured.
26
When was The Second French War
1522-1525
War was declared against France in May 1522.
Charles supplied no support for Henry VIII or English troops as he focused on Italy (Battle of La Biocca).
English troops were making ineffective raids into Piccary.
Bourbon failed to raise support for an attack on Paris and Charles' attacks from Spain and Netherlands never came (abandoned Henry)
The Duke of Paris marched to Paris with 11,000 men in 1523.
Francis I captured by Charles V in the Battle of Pavia in 1525.
Came out of War with nothing to show for it.
27
Battle of Pavia
24th February 1525
10,000 French soldiers were killed and Francis I himself was trapped under his horese and captured by Charles V by imperial forces in Northern Italy.
Henry tried to capitalise on the crushing defeats of the French by suggesting to Charles that they launch a joint invasion in Northern France in order to gain territory. Charles refused to partition France.
28
The Treaty of More
30th August 1525
Signed between Henry VIII and the interim French gov(whilst Francis 1 still held prisoner).
Wolsey negotiated that Henry would give up territorial claims in France in return for a French pension of £20,000 a year. (financial success).
France settled what was owed to Henry's sister, Mary, dowager queen of France(widow of King Louis XII).
England also agreed to secure the relaease of Francis 1 from Charles V.
England had previously been troubled by the 'auld alliance' and France agreed NOT to allow the Duke of Albany(regent of Scotland) to return to Scotland (success as reduced threat from Scotish and French alliance).
29
What 2 events happend in 1527
1. Henry decided he wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon.
2. In May 1527 Charles V sacked Rome and took Pope Clement II prisoner, leaving the Catholic Church in his hands. This meant there was now little possibility of persuading the Pope to grant Henry an annulment as Charles V and Catherine of Aragon were related.
30
What is the relation between Charles V and Catherine of Aragon
Catherine was Charles's aunt.
| Charles was Catherine's nephew.
31
What was the Schmalkaldic League
It was created in 1531 and was a group of Protestant nations, who practiced Lutheranism
32
Why did Henry seak an alliance with the Schmalkaldic League after 1527
After Henry's decision to break away from the Catholic Church and divorce Catherine of Aragon, he needed allies vs Catholic Spain and France, therefore he was looking for Protestant allies.
33
When did Wolsey die
29 November 1530
34
Who took over as Henry's minister after Wolsey
Cronwell
35
Were Henry and Cronwell able to ally with the Schmalkaldic League
Cronwell made attempts to ally with the league but nothing was achieved with regard to an alliance vs Spain and France.
36
What happend in 1532
Francis 1 and Henry met at Calais where Henry tried to shore up his position by forming a fragile alliance with France. France was alrwady in a weak position so could only put little pressure on Spain.
37
Relations with Ireland
Difficult to rule with Earl of Kildare, impossible without him, dismissed in 1534, leading to a major rebellion, led by Thomas Fitzgerald(Earl of Ossory) which was only supressed with dificulty and at considerable expense.
1534 attempts to refashion Irish gov and bring it under English control failed. Therefore, Ireland was a significant drain on the Crown's finance.
38
When was the Earl of Kildare dismissed
1534
39
Truce of Nice
1538- between Charles and Francis, ended hostilities between the two and left Turin in French hands, with no significant changes in the map of Italy. Now fear that Sp\in and France may invade England with the backing of the Pope, threatening his dynasty.
40
1539
Gaelic lords (including Con O'Neill and Manus O'Donnell)invaded the Pale. Gov eventually regained control and tried to pacify Ireland by establishing it as a seperate kingdom in 1541, imposing English law and creating counties out of the Gaelic lordships. In return some Gaelic lords recieved peerage titles and the Irish were to be entitled to the same legal protection as their English counterparts. However the gov lacked the resources to follow through on the reforms and there was no residual loyalty towards the English Crown.
41
What began to emerge between England and Ireland after 1534
Religious differences.
42
1542
England invaded Scotland after Henry arranged to meet Scot king James V at York and James had failed to turn uo.
Henry then ordered a raid on Scotland and Scots were heavily defeated at the Battle of Solway Moss. James V died shortly after the defeat. His heir was his one week old daughter Mary. Henry could have launched a full-scale invasion of Scitland but did not as his focus was pinned on France and he sought glory there. This invasion would have been difficult for the Scots to defeat and their morale was low due to loss of King and defeat at Solway Moss.
Henry sought to marry his young son Edward(born in 1537) to the even younger Mary Queen of Scots. They were formally betrothed under the Treaty of Greenwich in July 1543. However, the Scotish regent Earl of Arran desreted the English cause and the Scotish parliament refused to ratify the treaty in December 1543. This is due to Henry's failure to include any renunciacion of the Franco-scotish alliance and so the pro-French party in Scotland took control. After this Henry ordered the Earl of Hertford to carry out a raid on Edinburgh, Leith and St Andrews. This gave no thought for strategic objectives and was simply retaliation. Henry neglected the opportunity to secure his policy by military force when he had the chance in 1542.
43
Treaty of Greenwick
Signed in July 1543
| Formally betrothed Henry's son Edward and Mary Queen of Scots.
44
Third French War (1542-46)
1543- Anglo-Imperial alliance made and both rulers agreed to attack France within 2 years.However, Henry forced to delay invasion until 1544 due to events in scotland.
June 1544-Henry sailed to Calais with army of 48,000 men.
Agreed plan was for Charles V and Henry to march on Paris, but Henry had other ideas and split his force.
Henry seiged Boulogne in September (completing his aim of gaining territory and glory in France like his idol Henry V).
45
Consequences of abandoning Charles in 1544
Charles made a settlement with Francis at Crepy. Francis now free to aim to conquer as much English land at the Eng had on his side of the sea. Francis prepared to invade by sending French troops to Scotland.
46
The Battle of Ancrum Moor
February 1545
English defeated by the Scots initially.
However by September 1545 Francis' invasion had failed after the French failed to recapture Boulogne and the invasion of Northern England never materialised.
47
Treaty of Ardres (date, 2 terms)
June 1546
| Allowed Henry to hold onto Boulogne. France also agreed to pay all outstanding pensions.
48
How much did the 3rd French War cost
£2 million
49
How was the 3rd French war financed (3 methods)
Financed by the diolution of the monastries, debasement of the coinage and large-scale borrowing on the Antwerp money market.
50
How many men did Wolsey organise to fight in the 1st French War/campaign
Wolsey organised for 30,000 men to inade France in the pursuit of Henry's claim to the French throne.
51
Which 2 major battles were involved in the 1st French War and what dates did they occur
The Battle of Spurs-16 August 1513
| The Battle of Flodden-9 September 1513
52
When was Wolsey made Lord Chancellor and what happend which made this possible
1515 due to the previous Lord Chancellor Warham resigned due to his age. Highest position in English government.
53
Who were Henry's allies during the 3rd French war/campaign and whar effect did they have on the campaign. Where did Henry's focus lie in comparison to his allies
Allied with Charles and launched a joint attack. Henry's focus lay on Bolougne meanwhile Charles V was more focused on Paris. Charles abandoned Henry and made peace with Francis 30km outside of France.
54
When was the Besiege of Bolougne
1544, between 19 July 1544 – 18 September 1544
55
What were the outcomes of the 3rd French War
French financial exhausted so agreed to an increased French pension for Henry and for Henry to control Bolougne for 9 years so that he ended the war.
Henry proclaims this another victory.
56
How many ships did Henry vii leave for Henry and how many ships had Henry VII built the Navy up to by the end of his reign.
5 ships when Henry VIII succeeded his farther, 50 in Navy by end of his reign.
57
Who was captured by Charles V in 2nd French War
Francis 1 after becoming trapped under his horse during battle in the 1525 Battle of Pavia.
58
When did Charles V sack Rome, who did he take as his prisoner and what effect did this have on Henry VIII
1527. Charles V sacked Rome taking Pope Clement II as his prisoner. Charles was the Nephew of COA and therefore it became unlikely that he would allow the Pope to grant the annulment.
59
When did Henry decide to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and when did he break with Rome. When did the pair actually divorce
Henry decide to annul his marriage in 1527, however they did not divorce until 23 May 1533. Henry broke with Rome in 1534 after parlaimentary acts in 1532 and 1534.
60
What act finalized Henry's break with Rome and wjhat did it declare
1534 Act of Supremacy.
| Declared that Henry was the "Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England".
61
Where had Charles V established control by 1529 and who did this cause a peace between. What did Henry gain from this peace and was it a success for him.
Italy. France and Papacy made seperate peaces with the powerful Charles V, out of which Henry gained a renewal of his French Pension. Financial success, failure in his aim for glory and in wolsey's aim to be the centre of European Peace.
62
What act finalized Henry's break with Rome and what did it declare
1534 Act of Supremacy.
| Declared that Henry was the "Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England".
63
What was the Amicable Grant, when was it and why was it a failure(consequence)
Non-Parliamentary tax put forward by Wolsey in 1525. The English people refused to pay this tax, meaning Henry and wolsey didn't raise sufficient funds for another war or invasion of France. It led to an uprising in East-Anglia and in other areas.
64
What year was the Peace of Cambrai and what was it. Who was behind the treaty and what did this show
Signed in 1529
65
What years did the Habsburg-Valois conflicts take place and what other war were they intertwined with
1494-1559
| Italian Wars
66
What year was the Peace of Cambrai and what was it. Who was behind the treaty and what did this show and what were the consequences and what did it demonstrate about Wolsey.
Signed in 1529 by Wolsey with very little refrence to Henry or his aspirations. Showed England's declining influence and left Henry dangerously isolated and made Papal agreement to the King's divorce virtual impossible. Demonstrated Wolsey's failure to achieve any of the aims of the King or of him and consequently explains the timing of his fall from power.
67
When was England underthreat from a European cruisade
1538-1539 England at risk of a dangerous European cruisade from Christian Spain, France, Pope and more
68
When was England underthreat from a European cruisade
1538-1539 England at risk of a dangerous European cruisade from Christian Spain, France, Pope and more. Threatend his dynasty but luckily for him an invasion never occured.
69
3+ examples of unreliable allies for a source question
1. 1512 Ferdinand of Spain used Henry's forces in Guienne as a distraction whilst he siezed Navarre (on French-Spanish boarder). Then abandoned his agreement with Henry and made a separate peace agreement with France.
2. 1513 Maximillian's troops sacked and burned down Therrouane after it had surrendered. Henry recieved the town as part of a peace treaty, but cost more to reconstruct and therefore cost more to maintain than it was worth.
3. 1522 Duke of Burbon failed to rendevouz with troops led by Suffolk. As a result English troops unable to advance on Paris. Wolsey became convinced that Bourbon was a player with only words and refused to consider another alliance with him (loss of possible ally)
4. Francis and Charles V signed Truce of Nice in 1538 without Henry, leaving him isolated in Europe.
5. Break from Rome in 1534led to Henry being unable to ally with Catholic Spain or france or any other Catholic country for that matter. He also failed to form a concrete alliance with the Lutherin Hanseatic League due to religious differences, leaving him dangerously isolated. After this from 1538-1539 England were at risk of a Catholic Cruisade, very dangerous for Tudor dynasty and Henry's reign.
6. Diplomatic revolution of 1525 resulted in an alliance with France. Francis I was unreliable and weak. Henry had chosen wrong ally and was eventually side-lined in 1529 Peace of Cambrai.
7. Death of Ferdinand of Aragon in 1516 gave Henry one less possible ally as hiosn succesor was Charles V who was less enthusiastic to form a reliance with Henry.
70
Examples of successful alliances for exam questions
1. Joined Holy League in 1511 after making an agreement with Spain to go to war with France. In the league alongside the Pope, Spain, Italy, the Swiss and the Venitians. Showed difference in style of reign form his farther who had been rejected by the Holy League. Helped him to achieve goal of war with France (1st french war occured 1 year later).
2. 1510 made an alliance with France with Treaty of Etaples renewal. However not all successful as was work of his farther's councillors and did not help his aim of gaing land and glory in France.
71
Examples of lack of resources for exam question
1. 3rd French War cost £2 million and only gained Bolougne. However not all lack of resources for failure as had just dissolved the monastires, givibg him major funds
2.1st French War cost £892,000 and 2nd French War cost around £400,000. By end of both in 1525 had drained almost all crown finance and had no money for another war/invasion
3.Wolsey's 1525 Amicable Grant was a failed non-parliamentary tax which caused an uprising in East Anglia and other areas and did not fund another French war or invasion.
4. Field of Cloth of Gold cost an entire years revenue (£110,000), however not all a failure as was considerably cheaper than war and helped conserve the little crown finance he had left.
5.By 1525 funds were exhausted.
6. Couldn't compete with other major powers e.g HRe which had an annual income of £560,000.
7. Annual income:
Eng- £113,000
France- £350,000
HRE- £560,000
8. Population:
Eng- 2.75 million
France- 15 million
HRE-23 million
72
Examples of glory and honour for exam question
1. 9th September 1513 Battle of Flodden after James IV crossed boarder into england. 26,000 English men vs 30,000-40,000 Scots troops. Led by Earl of Surrey(a veterna soldier). James IV killed alongside much of his army, glory as killed another King. Cath of aragon organised army as Henry was not present at the time.
2. 16th August 1513 Battle of Spurs Henry led 25,000 men into Northern France. Army seized control of Tournai and Therrouane 'ungracious doghole'. Wolsey gave organized army and was congratukated by Pope. His cavalry dug soldiers back into their spurs, capturing noteable prisoners. Henry was absent. However Maximillian gained strategically from the capture.
3. Saw Field of Cloth of Gold in 1520 as glorious as was a magnificent 2 week event with dazzling tents and jousting. However event near Calais not as successful as he saw as no concrete agreement or alliance with Francis I.
73
Who married in 1514 and why was it not as successful of an alliance as once hoped
Louis XII and Princess Mary (Henry's sister). Not as successful as once hoped as Louis XII died the following year and was succeeded by Francis I.
74
Examples of Henry's unrealistic aims/persoanlity for exam
1. Wanted to be like idol Henry V.1.french wars were costly and unrealistic as he did not have sufficient funds or resources.
2. H-V conflict made it hard for Wolsey and Henry to become central peace makers of Europe as were 'third fiddle' Some success w/ 1918 Treaty of London
3. Wanted glory and honour but far lesser power than Spain,France,HRE.m Only had annual icome of £100,000 whilst HRE had annual income of £560,000.
75
Exampes of Wolsey's aims for exam
Pollard says he wanted to be Pope and focused on the changes of the Papacy.
More diploamtic approach than Henry as peace was cheaper than war.
1. Successful with peace Treaty of London in 1918. Wnated to play role of european peace keeper/maker.
2. Commende by Pope for role in providing and organizing troops in 1st French War showing links with Papacy and Pope.
3. Made Papal Legate in 1518 by Pope Clement II giving him control of Church in England.
4. Appointed cardinal by Pope Leo X in 1515.
76
Examples of being central Peace maker of Europe
1. 1518 Treaty of London sound by 20 major powers and minor princes and put Wolsey and Henry at centre of European peace after he hyjavcked \pope's idea for league vs Ottomans. However it had been broken by 1521 by a war between Francis I and Charles V. Not long lasting peace makers.
2. During Habsburg-Valois conflict(1494-1559) Wolsey tried to be arbiter when representitves of Charles V and Francis I met in August 1521 in Calais.
3. 3 French wars and involvment in invasion did not show any attempt to be peace maker, was complete opposite.
4. Henry had to follow suit to make peace with Maximillian dring Habsburg-Valois conflicy which was not what he wanted.
5. 1534 break from Rome caused conflict not peace.
77
Examples of Henry's control/lack of control of France
1. 1525 Charles refused to divide French land gained with Henry as saw Henry as an unuseful ally and he took Francis I as his prisoner.
2. Captured Tourain and Therrouane in 1513(1st French war). Fail as sold back to France for less than it cost to rebuild and refortify. Only small gains. 1FW cost £892,000.
3.Bolougne captured in 1544 and allowed to keep it for 9 years. Only minor gain for a £2 million 3rd french war.
Little gain for a large price
78
Examples of pacification or failure to pacify Scotland
1. Treaty of Grenwhich in 1543 made peace w/ Scots and allowed him to focus on France. Tried to get Mary Queen of Scots to marry his son Edward to fortify peace with a marriage alliance.
2. Battle of Flodden 9th Sept 1513 killed James IV and many of his army, however unable to capitalise on this as too focused on France. If invaded after succession of James V when Scot was weak could have taken over and then pacified Scotland.
3. Did not invade after death of James V when infant Mary Queen of Scots on throne (6days old upon succession) could have invaded easily and pacified Scotland. (1540s)
4. used Treaty of More on 30th August 1525 with French Interim Govto deter 'auld alliance'and France agreed not to allow Duke of Albany to return to Scotland, removing a Scot threat. In return gained a French pension and Francis I released from Charles V.
5. Battle of Solway Moss 1543 Eng raided and heavily defeated scots. James V died shortly after hearing news, leaving one-week old daugter Mary as Queen. Did not capitalise and instead signed Treaty of Grenwhich in July 1543.
79
Examples of being central Peace maker of Europe
1. 1918 Treaty of London sound by 20 major powers and minor princes and put Wolsey and Henry at centre of European peace after he hyjavcked \pope's idea for league vs Ottomans. However it had been broken by 1521 by a war between Francis I and Charles V. Not long lasting peace makers.
2. During Habsburg-Valois conflict(1494-1559) Wolsey tried to be arbiter when representitves of Charles V and Francis I met in August 1521 in Calais.
3. 3 French wars and involvment in invasion did not show any attempt to be peace maker, was complete opposite.
4. Henry had to follow suit to make peace with Maximillian dring Habsburg-Valois conflicy which was not what he wanted.
5. 1534 break from Rome caused conflict not peace.
6. 1538-39 threat of Catholic crusade or invasion. Wouldn't sart war if were peace makers of Europe.
80
Battle of Solway Moss when what outcome
Eng raid and heavily defear Scots in 1543 and James V died shortly after hearing news. Left one-week old infant Mary as his heir and HHenry did not invade failing to capitailes opportunity, instead opting to sign the Treaty of Grenwhich in July 1543, making peace with Scots.
81
When was Treaty of London
October 1518
82
When was Tournai sold back to France
Peace treaty on 4th October 1518
83
How much did Tournai cost to reconstruct and in what time period was it reconstructed.
£40,000 between August 1515 and January 1518
| Cost more to reconstuct than was sold back to France for (French pension).
84
Who and where did Henry meet with leaders in 1521 2 events. What benefit did this bring Henry
1521 met with Francis at Calais and Charles at Bruges. Presented Henry with 2 possible alliances due to Francis I and Charles V being at war after HRE election of 1519 (which Charles had won and been elected HRE after death of Maximillian)
85
When did HRE Maximillian die and who succeeded him
1519
| Charles V
86
What year did England and France declare war on Charles V
1528
87
What was the League of Cognac and when was it formed
The League of Cognac was an alliance formed in 1526 by Pope Clement V with France, the Republic of Venice, the Duchy of Milan, and the Republic of Florence. The goal was to combat the bowling ball. The wars had been going well for the Empire (the emperor, Charles V, still held his vice-realm of Naples).
88
When was the treaty of Westminster signed
April 1527
89
What was the Treaty of Windsor
April 1527- Alliance between Henry and Francis, who both agreed to attack Charles V.
90
When was the Treaty of Amiens signed and what was it
August 1527- England agreed to pay for the French attacks.
91
Treaty of More terms and date
Signed on 30th August 1525, negotiated by Wolsey. Henry would give up soem territorial claims in France and secure the release of Francis I from Charles V (taken prisoner in Battle of Pavia 24th Heb 1525). In return Henry would recieve an annual £20,000 French pension and the French agreed not to allow Duke of Albany (regent of Scotland) to return to Scotland, putting down some threat of the 'auld alliance'
92
Who did Wolsey suspend trade with before declaring war on Charles V. Why were Wolsey and Henry forced to backpeddle on this
Netherlands (ruled by HRE Charles V)
Forced to backpeddlev due to public protests from English cloth workers who relied on Antwerp Markets and a truce was made with the Netherlands in June 1528.
93
What were the Antwerp Markets
Largest cloth markets in Europe.
94
How much did the 3 French Wars cost in total
3,545,765
95
When was Henry VIII able to divorce Catherine of Aragon
23rd May 1533
96
The marriage of Louis XII and Princess Mary Tudor
1) Married on 9 October 1514
2) Short-lived as Louis XII died on 1 Jan 1515
3) Mary remarried within weeks to the Duke of Suffolk. This marriage deprived Henry of the opportunity to use her a second time for diplomatic reasons.
