The Great Matter and Henry's break from Rome

Question 1

Factors motivating Hnery’s Great Matter for essay question

Answer 1

1. Henry’s desire for a male heir
2. The role of the Anne Boleyn faction
3. State of the Church/ Reformist ideas vs support for Catholicism
4. Belief the the marriage was against God’s will

Question 2

What occured during the many pregnancies of COA, what did this show.

Answer 2

COA had several miscarriages, including 2 still births. Proved to Henry that there was little chance of the marriage producing a male heir, as her last pregnancy had been in 1518

Question 3

In what year did Henry stop sleeping with COA and why

Answer 3

1524, as he no longer found her physically attractive and she was reaching an age that made bearing a child difficult. Still needed a male heir and her last pregnancy had been in 1518.

Question 4

What religious book was used to claim marriage to COA was invalid and what did it say

Answer 4

Leviticus 20:21, states that ‘if a man shall take his brother’s wife… he shall be without children.’

Question 5

What fact can be used to disprove Leviticus and thus Henry’s argument for a divorce

Answer 5

His marriage to COA had not left him childless, but rarther without a son/male heir, as his wife gave birth to his daughter Mary (their only surviving child).

Question 6

What was the name of Henry’s illegitimate son

Answer 6

Henry Fitzroy

Question 7

What does Henry’s religion say about his pursuit of his divorce

Answer 7

Henry was and remained a devoted Catholic throughout his life, and this undoubtedly played a major role in his seeking of a divorce, in favour of a legal marriage, as he believed his marriage to COA offended God’s law.

Question 8

What did COA claim about her marriage to Arthur and how did this effect Henry’s GM

Answer 8

Claimed the marriage had never been consumated, and there was no proof of consumation. This effected Henry as in the Pope’s dispensation he overruled their marriage, to allow her to marry Henry, meaning this would act against him in his pursuit of a divorce, as he couldn’t prove they had never consumated.

Question 9

What decision showed Henry’s need for a male heir

Answer 9

Henry’s decision to to promote his illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, as his male heir. He also appointed him as the Duke of Richmond.

Question 10

Which event caused both Henry to move away from an alliance with Spain and to promote William Fitzroy

Answer 10

Charles V refusal of a marriage alliance in 1525, between himself and Mary Tudor.

Question 11

What had COA always opposed and what did it mean for Henry’s GM

Answer 11

She had always been vs God’s law, meaning she argued vs Henry’s use of Leviticus 20:21, as it presented God’s own judgement on their marriage.

Question 12

When did Henry begin to woo Anne and what were his intentions with her

Answer 12

1526, but only wanted her as a mistress but she refused, no intention of marrying her yet. Later offered her the position of his sole mistress, but again she disagreed, staing she would only sleep with him if she was to be his Queen.

Question 13

What made the validity of Henry’s marriage to Anne Boleyn questionable

Answer 13

Henry had sex with Mary Boleyn, Anne’s sister and had her as one of his mistresses.

Question 14

What role did Anne Boleyn’s brother play in January 1530 and was he successful at this

Answer 14

In January 1530 Anne’s brother (George Boleyn,2nd Viscount Rochford) went on a mission to Charles V and the Pope in Bologna, in which he attempted to gain support for Henry’s case. However he failed to do so.

Question 15

What was the name of Anne’s brother and what role did he play in France.

Answer 15

George Boleyn, 2nd Viscount Rochford, attended a total of six foreign embassies to France. The first was between late October 1529 and late February 1530. George attended with John Stokesley, the Dean of the Chapel Royal. Their mission was to encourage the universities of France to support Henry VIII’s divorce from Catherine of Aragon. The universities’ response was initially negative, but George encouraged King Francis to write a strong letter in favour of the divorce, which was later used to reverse the universities’ decision.

Question 16

What charges were used to execute George Boleyn and when was he executed

Answer 16

Acused of insest (adultory) with the Queen (one of 5 men accused of adultery with the Queen), as well as for plotting with the queen to kill the KIng. AKA high treason. Arested on arrested on 2 May 1536. George Boleyn and the other four men were beheaded on Tower Hill on the morning of 17 May 1536.

Question 17

Which 5 men were beheaded for adultery with Queen Anne Boleyn and when were they executed

Answer 17

5 men: George Boleyn (insest and high treason). Arrested on 2 May 1536.
The four others implicated in the plot, Sir Henry Norris, Sir Francis Weston, Sir William Brereton, and Mark Smeaton were tried on Friday 12 May.
Executed on morning of 17 May 1536 on Tower Hill

Question 18

When did Anne B become pregnant

Answer 18

December 1532, proving she had been less reluctant to sleep with Henry than previously thought.

Question 19

What happend in January 1533 and April 1533

Answer 19

Henry married Anne Boleyn in secret, married by Cranmer (Archbishop of Canterbury), who also declared his marriage to COA as invalid in April 1533

Question 20

When was Anne Boleyn crowned as Queen of England

Answer 20

May 1533

Question 21

How many of Henry’s 6 wives were actually crowned Queen and which 2 were these

Answer 21

Only 2 crowned queen. The 2 were COA and Anne Boleyn.

Question 22

Which group was Anne acquanted with and name some of the individuals. How did this effect the GM

Answer 22

Anne was acquanted with a group of reformist writers, who she introduced to Henry, including William Tyndale (who wrote ‘obedience of the Christian man’ using old testament evidence) and she attempted to protect those involved in the distribution of his English translation of the Bible. She knew several people involved in this including Thomas Garret and Thomas Forman. Garret was the curate and Forman the rector of All Hallows Church, Honey Lane, London. When they were arrested Anne wrote to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey asking for them to be relreased.

Question 23

Who read the ‘obedience of a Christian man, when and why was it important. What did the book argue

Answer 23

Anne B read Tyndale’s book in 1528, which argued that the Kings had authority over the Church. It was taken away by Richard Sampson, the Dean of the Chapel Royal as it was a banned book. Boleyn claimed it was “the dearest book that ever dean or cardinal took away” and she eventually got it back. She now passed the book to Henry VIII with “certain passages marked by her fingernail for his attention”. Henry was impressed and commented that “by the help of the virtuous lady… his eyes were opened the see the truth” and pronounced it a book “for me and all kings to read”.

Question 24

How did Campeggio describe Henry in February 1529

Answer 24

Henry ‘sees nothing and thinks nothing but Anne’.

Question 25

How did Henry ask Anne for her hand in marraige/ try to win her over

Answer 25

Despite hating writing, Henry wrote a series of love letters to Anne, at the same time as he decided in his divorce from COA.

Question 26

When and how was Anne Boleyn executed

Answer 26

Beheaded on the 19 May 1536

Question 27

Who wrote the Collectanea Satis Capiosa and what did it claim

Answer 27

Written by Edward Foxe and Thomas Cranmer and was used in the Feb 1533 Act of Restraint of Appeals to Rome, used to begin the start of the transfer of the pope's power to the King.

Question 28

Great Matter motivation- largest motivation

Answer 28

The GM was primarily voted by his religious conscience and the belief that his marraige was against God's will and would therefore not allow him to produce a male heir, due to the teachings of Leviticus 20:21. However undeniable that Henry's lust for Anne Boleyn also played an important role, as it allowed the Boleyn faction to gain influence over Henry and introduce him to reformist views, as well as increase her own power, in the long run, by becoming Queen. The reformist views that she shared with Henry had a clear impact on his interest in a reformation/ breaking with Rome,

Question 29

How old was Anne B when Henry first became interested in her in Feb 1526

Answer 29

19 years old

Question 30

What was held several times to discuss the validty of Henry's marriage to COA and what was the result

Answer 30

An ecclesiastical court met several times but was unable to reach any clear conclusion and so referred the case to Rome.

Question 31

How did Henry aim to persuade COA to separate on 22nd June 1527 and what was the outcome

Answer 31

Asked COa to seperate as he said they had been living in sin. He asked her to co-operate and to choose a house to retire in until the matter had been resloved. COA was stunned and upset and made it clear she would resist any divorce.

Question 32

What papal request was made by Wolsey in Jan 1528

Answer 32

Wolsey wrote to the Pope in Jan 1528, asking for the papal legate, Lorenzo Campeggio, to be sent to England to pass judgement on the King's marriage.

Question 33

How did Wolsey and later Campeggio try to remove COA from the matter

Answer 33

Put pressure on COA to retire to a convent (become a nun), which would leave the King free to marry, as the Pope would agree to this as Catherine would become married to God. Campeggio met with Henry on 22 Oct 1528 and after realising Henry would settle for nothing less than divorce, he too agreed to try and persuade COA to join a convent, but he failed too.

Question 34

When did Campeggio arrive in England, where did he land and what did the Pope order him to do

Answer 34

Arrived at Dover on 29 Sept 1528, and was told by the Pope to avoid making a decision for as long as possible (delay).

Question 35

Who did COA have the full support of

Answer 35

The English people

Question 36

What happend to COA in Nov 1528

Answer 36

Seperated from her daughter Mary and told couldn't see her whilst did not obey King's orders. COA had intented to live and die a married woman.

Question 37

Who represented COA during her trial from 31 May-16 Jily 1529

Answer 37

Chose Archbishop Warham, Cuthbert Tunstall, Bishop of Ely and St Asaph and her main supporter, John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester as her representatives.

Question 38

When was Henry summoned to Rome and what was he to appear before.

Answer 38

Summoned to appear before the papal curia in August 1529, which infuriated him and raised his awarness that the Pope may never grant him a divorce. TURNING POINT

Question 39

Cranmer's approach to the divorce

Answer 39

Use Doctors of Divinity in the universities to decide the outcome of Henry's marriage as it was thewho had studied the bible and were therefore better qualified to discuss its meaning. If they found marriage to be invalid the that was all needed for Archbishop of Canterbury to pronounce King a free man. Henry impressed by Cranmer and told him to set aside other woek and focus only on GM. Also impressed by King, not Pope as supreme head.

Question 40

Who succeeded Wolsey as Lord Chancellor

Answer 40

Thomas Cromwell

Question 41

Church reform of nov 1529

Answer 41

Offices to be held by any one man was reduced to 4, this measure was not well recieved by the clergy. Procedures for murderers and felons seeking sanctaury were made more severe. Acts were passed to remedy abuses by the church. Fees to be charged for probate and mortuary were limited.

Question 42

Thomas Cronwell's attempt to reform/his aims in reforming

Answer 42

Tried to use a papal bull obtained by Wolsey in 1518, that allowed some reform of the monastries Cronwell's aim= to close all smaller monastires and redirect their wealth to the crown. There were in excess of 800 religious houses in Eng with over 10,000 monks, nuns and friars.

Question 43

In what time period did the universities decide on Kings GM

Answer 43

Feb-April 1530

Question 44

What did the Universities decide about the King's GM. Stat for decision at Oxford

Answer 44

Camberidge Uni= quite strong opposition to divorce so they had to be careful which doctors they picked. The Uni declared the marriage as vs divine law (as married brother's widow). Stronger oppositon at Oxford uni, so more care needed in the selection of Doctors to make decision. Decided by 27 votes to 22 in Henry's favour

Question 45

Votes over GM at Oxford uni

Answer 45

Decided as vs Divine Law by 27 votes to 22 in Henry's favour.

Question 46

Who were sent a sum of money by Henry

Answer 46

Those who helped him to search for info from Leviticus or other bible passages that would help prove the king's case. Used scholars and sent them money

Question 47

When was Henry' 2nd calling to Rome and what did it do to Hen

Answer 47

Recieved a citation ordering him to Rome in Dec 1530 oredering him to appear in Rome to state his case. His anger with Rome was increasing.

Question 48

Who was Pope during time of GM

Answer 48

Peope Clement II

Question 49

Who was Pope during time of GM

Answer 49

Pope Clement II

Question 50

When and where did Henry begin living opemley with Anne B

Answer 50

Began living together openly at Greenwivh in late Oct 1531.

Question 51

What did the Pope order Henry to do on 5th Jan 1531 and what would happen if he refused

Answer 51

Pope issued a brief to Henry, ordering him to seperate from Anne and that he was not free to re-marry. If he did so without permission form Rome any future childern of his would be considered illegitimate.

Question 52

When did the Pope delay any further hearing of the divorce and for how long.

Answer 52

Pope postponed any hearing of Henry's divorce for a year in Jan 1532.

Question 53

When was the Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates signed and what was it

Answer 53

Signed on 21 March 1532, it limited payments to Rome to 5% of the net revenue of the church. Henry went into House of Commons and aksed all who supported the bill to sit on one side and those who didn't to sit on the other side.

Question 54

What date was the Submission of the Clergy and who was it signed by

Answer 54

15 May 1532 | Signed by all Bishops and took the form of a short document.

Question 55

4 terms/concessions of the Submission of the Clergy

Answer 55

1. The clergy would make no new laws without the consent of the monarch. 2.Clergy would allow all existing laws to be reviewed by a commission of clergy and laymen appointed by the king. 3.Convocation would not meet without first obtaining royal permission. The clergy accepted the King as their lawmaker, rarther than the Pope.

Question 56

Who resigned on 16th May 1532, the day after the Submission of the Clergy

Answer 56

Thomas More resigned as he was deeply opposed to the break from Rome, resigning his position as Chancellor on the grounds of ill health

Question 57

When did Anne B fall pregnant and what did Henry have to do

Answer 57

Fell pregnant in Jan 1533. Henry knew he had to marry Anne as soon as possible to ensure the child's legitimacy. Decided marriage should be done quickly but kept secret until an act could be passed abolishing all appeals to Rome.

Question 58

When and where were Henry and Anne secretly married

Answer 58

Secretly married in presence of 4 or 5 witnesses on the 25th Jan 1533 in the King's private chapel at Whitehall.

Question 59

When was the Act in Restraint of Appeals signed and what was it

Answer 59

Signed on the 7th April 1533 and it forbade all appeals to foreign tribunals in all spiritual, revenue and testamentary cases. Spiritual and secular jurisdiction was to be the ultimate responsiblity of the king and the Pope's right of intervension was abolished, meaning he no longer had the power to rule over matrimonial cases.

Question 60

When was Thomas Cranmer formally authorised to pass judgement on KIng's marriage to COA and what did he decalre

Answer 60

12th April 1533. On 13 May 1533 he declared Henry's marriage to COA null and void on the grounds that it was contrary to divine law and in a hearing, on 28th May 1533, at Lambet Palace Cramner proclaimed Henry's marriage to Anne B as legal.

Question 61

Which act was introduced to enforce the Act in Restraint of Appeals and when was it introduced

Answer 61

The Act in Restraint of Annates was brought in in May 1533 to enforce the act of 1532.

Question 62

When and where was Anne's coronation

Answer 62

Crowned Queen Consort at Westminster Abbey on 1 June 1533.

Question 63

When was Elizabeth I born

Answer 63

7 Sept 1533

Question 64

Who did Henry blame for denying him a male heir after Elizabeth I's death

Answer 64

Anne Boleyn and God

Question 65

What charge was given to the clergy as a whole and when.

Answer 65

In December 1530 the clergy as a whole were charged with Praemunire. This accusation of the clergy wass an attack on the power of the Catholic Church to exercise power through ecclestical courts in England.

Question 66

How did the clergy being charged with Praemunire effect Henry

Answer 66

Benefited Henry as he pardoned the clergy, in return for a fine of £119,000 to be paid to Henry by the church

Question 67

When and what was the Convocation of Canterbury

Answer 67

The 1531 Convocation of Canterbury recognised Henry as the supreme head of the church 'so far as the law of Christ allows'. He was also the protector of the church. Tachnically made Henry more powerful than the Pope and sgowed how far he was willing to go to increase his/gain power.

Question 68

What was the Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates and when was it signed

Answer 68

The Act in Restraint of Annates was signed on the 21 March 1532 and banned the payment of Annates (a years revenue paid by the church to the Pope upon the appointment of a bishop to his see/position). It also threatend that bishops could be consecrated by English authorities. Challenged Pope's main function as leader of the church. Brought into force by the May 1533 Act in Restraint of Annates

Question 69

When was the Supplication of the Ordinaries and what did it result in/ what were the terms

Answer 69

March 1532 3 main terms: 1.Clergy were not to enact any church laws without royal permission 2.Existing church law was to be examined by a royal commission. 3.Henry complained that the clergy only gave him 50% loyalty, as they also owed alliance to the Pope.

Question 70

What was the 1534 Act of dispensations

Answer 70

Appeals for any special matter/ dispensation (e.g granting a marriage) now to be handled by the King's court of the Chancery and not by the Pope/Archbishop's court as it had been previously.

Question 71

On what terms did the Pope sign the special dispensation allowing Henry to marry COA/ his brother's widow

Answer 71

Granted on terms that it would keep the peace between Spain and England by creating an alliance, however England and Spain were not at war at the time so its validity can be challenged.

Question 72

When was Elizabeth I born nad who was her mother

Answer 72

Born on 7 September 1533, Anne Boleyn.

Question 73

What did the Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates do

Answer 73

21 March 1532. Limited payments to Rome to 5% of the net revenue of the church.

Question 74

What changed for Mary Tudor in September 1533

Answer 74

She would no longer be referred to as princess, her household was to be disbanded and her servants were told to remmove her badge from their liveries.

Question 75

When did Charles V agree to marry Mary Tudor and what treaty was this agreement a part of.

Answer 75

Chalres V agreed to marry Mary Tudor, Henry's daughter and heir at the time under the Treaty of Bruges, which was signed on the 15th August 1521.

Question 76

When did Charles V decide he would not marry Mary Tudor

Answer 76

1525

Question 77

What happend in December 1533 between England and the Papacy

Answer 77

An order was issued stating the Pope had no more power in England than any other bishop. Now to be referred to as the Bishop of Rome.

Question 78

When did Anne B announce that she was pregnant for the second time

Answer 78

December 1533

Question 79

When was the Act in Absolute Restraint of Appeals and what did it do

Answer 79

Early 1534. Put into effect the terms of the 1532 act and transferred all payments from the Pope to the King. Henry was declared to be ,next to Christ, the only Supreme Head on Earth of the Church of England. Also staated all later bishops and abbots to be elected by the king.

Question 80

What is the Act against Peter's Pence and when was it issued

Answer 80

Issued in 1534, and forbayed the payment of Peter's Pence and other payments to Rome. Passed by English Reformation party in 1534

Question 81

What was the Peter's Pence payment and how much was Henry's usual fee to Rome due to this

Answer 81

donations or payments made directly to the Holy See of the Catholic Church. Began in 1031. Usually cost Henry over £4 (paid to Rome).

Question 82

When was the Act of Successon passed

Answer 82

23 March 1534

Question 83

What was the Act of Succession

Answer 83

Act brought in on 23 March 1534 to exclude Mary from the succession, with his new heir coming from the children from his marriage to Anne Boleyn.

Question 84

When was the Oath of Succession introduced

Answer 84

23rd March 1533

Question 85

Who were first made to swear the oath of succession.

Answer 85

The KIng's councillors, who would then supervise their inferior officers.

Question 86

What role did sheriffs play in ensuring the oath of succession was taken

Answer 86

Sheriffs would ensure that JPs took the oath and the JPs in return would ensure that all householders took the oath.

Question 87

What was the punishment for refusal to take the Oath of succession

Answer 87

Charged for treason and could even be executed.

Question 88

Name 2 men who refused to swear the oath of succession and what happend as a result of this. Also give the date of their refusal

Answer 88

John Fisher and Thomas More refused to take the Oath of Succession on the 13th April 1534. As a result of this John Fisher was put on trial on June 17th, 1535, found guilty of treason and executed on June 22nd, 1535, at Tower Hill. On the 6th July 1535, Henry VIII's former friend and Lord Chancellor, Sir Thomas More, was beheaded on Tower Hill for High treason.

Question 89

When and what was the Act of Parliament-Church

Answer 89

Spring 1534 act passed that granted 1/10 of all clerical income to the crown.

Question 90

Decribe events in Church during Spring/Summer 1534

Answer 90

Henry wanted to be sure that his subjects knew that papal supremacy had been replaced by royal supremacy. He ordered all parish priests to erase all references to the Pope from the prayer books. All preachers were told that their parishioner must be left in no doubt that the King, and only the King, was Head of the Church

Question 91

What were the terms of the Act of Succession and when were they proclaimed across the land

Answer 91

Terms proclaimed across the land on 1 May 1534. The people were warned that if they said or wrote anything against the Ling’s present marriage or his lawful heirs, they would be guilty of treason, punishable by death

Question 92

When was Anne delivered a still born and how did Henry react

Answer 92

Anne was delivered a stillborn in June/July 1534 and not wanting to lose face a second time, Henry ordered the details to be kept a secret

Question 93

When was the Act of Supremacy passed

Answer 93

November 1534

Question 94

What did the Act of Supremacy do/ state

Answer 94

Declared England as a sovereign state with the King as the head of both country/state and Church. Stated King was to become Supreme Head of Church and would have to power to visit, redress, reform or correct all errors, heresies and enormities which would previously have been dealt with by another spiritual authority. King could define faith in parliament. The King also had power to appoint men of his choosing to the most important ecclesiastical posts. Henry now has more power than ever as within his own realm he was superior to the Pope and all taxes formally paid to Rome would now be paid to the King.

Question 95

Which powers did the Act of Supremacy grant Henry

Answer 95

Stated King was to become Supreme Head of Church and would have to power to visit, redress, reform or correct all errors, heresies and enormities which would previously have been dealt with by another spiritual authority. King could define faith in parliament. The King also had power to appoint men of his choosing to the most important ecclesiastical posts.

Question 96

When was the Treason Act and what did it go hand in hand with

Answer 96

November 1534 alongside Act of Supremacy

Question 97

What was the role of the 1534 Treason Act

Answer 97

Nov 1534. Made it a treasonable offence to challenge the King’s titles or authority. It stated that malicious will, wish or desire to deprive the King or Queen of title or mane of their royal estates was to be deemed treason. Writing or word saying the King was a heretic, schismatic, tyrant, infidel or usurper would also be a treasonable offence. Main function of act is to make it a treasonable offence to deny King as Supreme Head of Church Also enabled parliament to enforce Act of Succession under death penalty.

Question 98

How did Henry treat John Fisher after he refused to swear Oath of Succession and how had their relationship been up to this event

Answer 98

John Fisher was Bishop of Rochester and tutored Henry as a young prince. He supported him in his early reign, however spoke out vs divorce from COA in favour of marrying Anne. Initially fined £300 for this (could bankrupt) and was later executed after refusing to swear Oath of Succession

Question 99

What was the Act Concerning the Archbishop of Canterbury and when was it passed

Answer 99

Passed in Spring 1534 The Arch Bishop of Canterbury’s power of dispensation now but under the control of the King. Financial benefits for Henry as the Archbishop must now pay 2/3 of profits made to the King. Also gave the King the power to visit monasteries

Question 100

What were the financial causes of the Dissolution 3 factors

Answer 100

1. Fear of Catholic Crusade from France and HRE, with backing of Pope. Aim to restore true religion and papal authority in England. Threat worsened by Pope’s excommunication of Henry and his calling on Francis I and Charles V to attack England. Needed to increase crown finance to fund large programmes of building fortifications and defences. Dissolution helped to pay for this. 2. Money and land from dissolution allows Cromwell to avoid imposing heavy taxes, thus preventing rebellions and public risings, as well as being able to pay off/reward supporters and this opposing the dissolution. 3. Would help to fund another French invasion (Henry’s principal aim) He did so w/ 3rd French War in 1543

Question 101

How did Henry prepare for the possible threat of a Catholic Crusade and an invasion by Charles V and Francis I (with Pope’s support)

Answer 101

Surveyed English coastline, informing him of what fortifications needed to be built. Dissolution funded the greatest construction project England had ever seen, with coastal maps being marked with new defences and forts. Ver expensive, using finance and building materials from the dissolved monasteries. Also built new ships to intercept any invading forces. These ships were newly designed and many were built (causing Henry to be know as the Farther if the Royal Navy).

Question 102

Where did some of Henry’s largest opposition come from

Answer 102

Monastic houses

Question 103

What happens in 1534

Answer 103

Henry received an anonymous proposal suggesting the confiscation of all ecclesiastical lands, in return for crown to support the clergy with annual salaries. Began Cromwell’s desire to make crown self-sufficient and avoid imposing heavy taxes, which threatens the crowns security

Question 104

Give examples of Early English Protestantism

Answer 104

1. Martin Luther's attack on the church in Germany from 1517 which gave rise to Protestantism, with its followers rejecting papal authority and believing in faith alone. German Protestants came to London and eastern England in the 1520s, and a group based in Cambridge included Thomas Cranmer. Although their ideas attracted some Christian humanists, there was little committed attempt to spread Lutheran Protestantism before the 'King's Great Matter' brought discussion of religious views.

Question 105

What did Henry VIII wnat from religion after his Break with Rome

Answer 105

Henry wanted religious unity not diversity- to avoid civil war and challenge to authority. Henry did not back Lutheran statements e.g the Augsburg Confession He sought a middle way

Question 106

In which year were the Ten Articles introduced and what did Henry do to avoid religious diversity

Answer 106

1536. | Henry called the bishops together to "avoid deversity" of belief.

Question 107

Describe the religious doctrine of the Ten Atricles

Answer 107

Stressed 3 sacraments as more important than the others (baptism, penance, Eucharist). (Catholic) Works of charity were stressed as vital to salvation. (Catholic) Gave some support to justification by faith (a Protestant idea) Teachings on transubstansiation were reasserted. 'Popish purgatory' was rejected ie. mechanical prayer or indulgences. Yet Mass for the Dead was not rejected. Images were defended but caution expressed over superstitous prayers. Prayer to saints was also permitted. (Middle way) Key Catholic ceremonies defended eg vestements, holy water, lighting of candles. However, these actions were only supported as symbols and not as sacraments as they had once been.

Question 108

What was the aim of the Ten Articles

Answer 108

The Ten Articles were moderate and sought to unify the people. They also aimed to simplify remove abuses from religious practice, yet it was not a completely Catholic position.

Question 109

What years the injunctions

Answer 109

1536 and 1538

Question 110

In what year was Cromwell's injunctions and what was there purpose

Answer 110

1536. Aimed to enforce the Ten articles. 1. The clergy were to teach the Ten Articles 2. No sermons on images/relics, miracles 3. Undermining of devotion to the saints ie holy days reduced P 4. Pilgramiges to be restricted. P

Question 111

Who developed the first issue of the English Bible

Answer 111

In 1537 Cranmer sent Cromwell a copy of the Matthew's Bible in English, which was then licensed for printing.

Question 112

What impact did Tyndale have on the creation of the English bible

Answer 112

Henry had previously banned Tyndale's bible but later called for an English translation

Question 113

When was the Great Bible published and who was it witten by and how did it compare to Tyndale's edition

Answer 113

Coverdale's revision of the Bible- The Great Bible -was published in 1538. It was a far less radical ytranslation than Tyndale's

Question 114

How did Henry control the English Bible

Answer 114

Reading of the Bible was to be controlled to avoid further dispute or challenge to authority. Later legislation further controlled access.

Question 115

What was the Bishop's Book and when was it published

Answer 115

Published in 1537. 1. Reflected concern about the lack of unity shown by the 1536 Pilgrimage of Grace. 2. The Bishops were charged with producing a clear guide to doctrine but there was extensive division between reformers and conservatives. 3. Henry corrected the original draft, making 250 alterations. King altered wording on justification by faith, changed the emphasis on the sacrament of extreme unction amongst others.

Question 116

What was the Bishop's Book's view on images and other religious areas

Answer 116

The book was ambiguous on images, saints, and practices of prayer and devotion.

Question 117

What was the Bishop's Book's view on transubstantiation

Answer 117

Transubstantiation was upheld and the missing four sacrements were replaced (C), although ranked in order of importance (P)

Question 118

Which religious side did the Bishop's Book take

Answer 118

The Bishop's Book was a compromise/ middle way but still contained only very small steps away from traditional Catholic teachings.

Question 119

What was the Royal Proclamation of 1538

Answer 119

Stressed the 'via media'. It critisised those who sought to change ceremonies that hadn't been removed. Stressed the need for Lack of Superstitions and went on to stress the importance of the word of God. Not a new position- maintained the need for unity and adherence to the middle way as Henry saw it.

Question 120

Which event emphasised Henry's traditional beleif on mass

Answer 120

The prosecution of John Lambert for his denial of transubstantiation emphasised Henry's traditional belief on Mass.

Question 121

What were the injunctions of 1538. Were they more Catholic or Protestant

Answer 121

Instructions to the clergy on: 1. Reducing the role of images (P) 2. To encourage works of charity (C) as laid down in the Bible (P) 3. To preach vs reliance on pilgramige, rosaries,etc (P) 4. No candle lighting except for before the tabernacle 5. Removal of images that were the object of pilgrimage (ie step against cults of saints).