Hepatits & Vaccines Flashcards

Question

Replicating and Nonreplicating Viral Vector-Based Vaccines

Answer 1

Combine many of the positive qualities of DNA vaccines and live, attenuated vaccines Vector—using virus or bacterium as a carrier Uses either live replicating or non-replicating vectors Common vectors: adenovirus, measles virus, vesicular stomatitis virus Recombinant vector vaccines are live replicating viruses engineered to carry extra genes derived from a pathogen—these extra genes produce proteins to generate immunity

Answer 2

Vaccines in the US

Answer 3

1. Identify and Sequence the Virus 2. Determine the Target 3. Conduct Preclinical Trials 4. Initial Human Trials—4 phases 5. Obtain Regulatory Approval 6. Establish Manufacturing and Distribution

Answer 4

Its not clear why the length of acquired protection varies with different vaccines Booster can be described as a “reminder” to the immune system Depending on the vaccine, some immunizations must be repeated A patient’s immune system responds to a vaccine in various ways B cells and cytotoxic T cell are responsible for regulation on an immune response

Answer 5

Injection, orally, nasal spray

Answer 6

most common; injected into the muscle mass

Answer 7

injected into the subcutaneous layer above the muscle and below the skin

Answer 8

administers the vaccine in the topmost layer of skin Bascillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the only to use this—reduces the risk of neurovascular injury

Answer 9

offers a needle-free approach through the nasal mucosa

Answer 10

Preventative or prophylactic vaccines (to protect individuals from HIV infection) Therapeutic vaccines (to prevent HIV-infected patients from progressing to AIDS) Perinatal vaccines (to prevent HIV-infected pregnant women to prevent transmission of HIV to the fetus)

Answer 11

High rate of viral mutation and recombination No clearly defined natural immunity to HIV HIV infects cells that are critical to the immune body defenses; also, it is transmitted as a free virus and within infected cells

Answer 12

Lack of knowledge related to the critical components on the body’s response to HIV infection High risk of using the entire weakened or inactive HIV in a vaccine Extensive rate of viral mutation as HIV replicates. Strains vary by as much as 35% Protective effect may last only a short time Vaccinated persons could become more susceptible to HIV No research studies have successfully demonstrated which immune responses correlate with protection from HIV infection

Answer 13

Classified as "Biological-response modifiers" Two types: Preventative/prophylactic (2) or Therapeutic (1) Cancer treatment vaccines are designed to work by activating B cells and killer T cell and directing them to recognize and act against specific types of cancer Cancer cells carry self- and cancer-associated antigens The cancer associated antigens mark the cancer cells as abnormal (non-self) and can cause B cells and killer T cells to mount an attack against them

Answer 14

Prophylactic Cervarix -Bivalent vaccine made from virus-like particles with proteins from HPV types 16 and 18; may provide partial protection against other strains -For girls and women aged 9-25 years Gardasil -Quadrivalent vaccine -Can prevent cervical cancer and vaginal and vulvar precancers caused by HPV-16 and HPV-18 -Also protects against HPV-6 and HPV-11 which are responsible for 90% of all cases of genital warts in males and females but doesn’t cause cancer

Answer 15

Intended to delay or stop the growth of cancer, to cause shrinkage of tumors, to prevent cancer from coming back, or to eliminate cancer cells that have not been destroyed by other treatments Made using antigens from malignant cells or modified versions of them Much more difficult to develop a cancer treatment vaccine than a preventative vaccine To be effective a cancer vaccine must: -Stimulate specific responses against the correct target -Be powerful enough to over come the barriers that malignant cells use to protect themselves from attack by B cells and killer T cells

Answer 16

No As of early 2020, no FDA approved vaccines for prevention of leukemia in humans

Answer 17

Goal of FDA is to foster the development of vaccines that could be needed for potential products of bioterrorism Smallpox & Anthrax main two concerns

Answer 18

Controversial public health issue—no vaccine is totally effective or 100% safe The same components that make them effective, also may cause serious side effects---may not be possible to develop safer versions without losing essential function

Answer 19

Produce protective immunity with only minimal side effects Be immunogenic enough to produce a strong and measurable immune response Be stable during shelf life, with potency remaining at a proper level

Answer 20

Adverse event: possible side effect resulting from a vaccination Most are mild: soreness, swelling or redness at the injection site Some are associated with fever, rash, achiness Serious side effects are rare but can include seizure or life-threatening allergic reaction Range of possible side effects—each year due to chance alone many babies will experience a medical event in close proximity to a vaccination

Answer 21

1986 Congress enacted the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act (NCVIA)—established a no-fault compensation system for children who were harmed by adverse events after the administration of a vaccine if there was evidence that the vaccine actually caused the problem Monitoring programs are systems to monitor and analyze reported adverse event and to determine whether they are likely related to vaccinations -Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) -Rapid Cycle Analysis—used mainly for new vaccines

Answer 22

Cholera Group A Streptococcus-in development Lyme Disease Pertussis Tuberculosis-in development

Answer 23

Coronaviruses –in development Dengue Fever Ebola Hepatitis HIV - in development Influenza Respiratory Syncytial Viru (RSV) Smallpox West Nile Virus Zika Virus

Answer 24

if you're so inclined

Hepatits & Vaccines Flashcards

(48 cards)