Herbivore dental

Question 1

What does the term hypsodont mean?

Answer 1

Refers to teeth that erupt continuously throughout the majority of the animal’s life

Question 2

Which species have adult hypsodont teeth?

Answer 2

Horses, cows, rabbits, rodents

Question 3

What is the term describing the natural mismatching of the maxilla and mandible in the horse?

Answer 3

Anisognathism

Question 4

What is the deciduous dental formula for a horse?

Answer 4

2x (I 3/3 C 0/0 M 3/3) = 24 teeth

Question 5

Is this dental formation deciduous or permanent in the horse: 2x (I 3/3 C 1/1 or 0/0 PM 3/3 or 4/4 M 3/3) = 36-44 teeth

Answer 5

Permanent hypsodont teeth

Question 6

What species has a dental formula of I 2/1 C 0/0 M 3/3 = 9 teeth

Answer 6

Rabbit

Question 7

What is a peg tooth, and which species has them?

Answer 7

The peg tooth is the 2nd maxillary incisor sitting behind the 1st in the rabbit

Question 8

Which teeth in the horse are examined for dental ageing?

Answer 8

Incisors

Question 9

What is tooth eruption?

Answer 9

The time at which the tooth becomes visible at the gingival margin

Question 10

How many deciduous cheek teeth are present within a foal’s first week of life?

Answer 10

PM 3/3

Question 11

Which premolar might not be present?

Answer 11

Premolar 1 (05)

Question 12

Which tooth is also known as the wolf tooth? What kind of tooth is this?

Answer 12

Premolar 1 (05)
A small brachydont tooth

Question 13

At what age are deciduous teeth shed?

Answer 13

2.5 yrs

Question 14

What is the name of the cementum-filled depression on the occlusal surgace of the tooth?

Answer 14

Infundibulum

Question 15

What is the empty infundibulum called?

Answer 15

A cup

Question 16

What do dental cups look like?

Answer 16

Dark appearance due to collected food particles

Question 17

Once the cup is filled in, what is it called?

Answer 17

A dental mark

Question 18

What cells are responsible for production of secondary dentine for replacing gradual wear of incisors?

Answer 18

Odontoblasts

Question 19

Describe the role of odontoblasts in equine incisors.

Answer 19

As the incisors experience gradual wear, odontoblasts situated on the periphery of the pulp cavity produce secondary dentine in replacement to prevent exposure of the sensitive pulp cavity

Question 20

What visible sign does the production of secondary dentine result in on the labial aspect of the incisors?

Answer 20

Dental stars

Question 21

On which teeth are dental stars first detected?

Answer 21

Central incisors

Question 22

Describe the appearance of a dental star.

Answer 22

Appears brown in most horses due to discolouration with food pigments; after a few year in wear a white spot appears centrally

Question 23

Why does a white spot appear within dental stars?

Answer 23

Differently arranged dentine tubules produced by odontoblasts

Question 24

How does the angle between the upper and lower incisors change with age?

Answer 24

In young horses, this angle is approximately 180°; once past 10yo this angle becomes progressively more acute

Question 25

What is the name for the enamel groove seen on the corner incisor, I3?

Answer 25

Galvayne's groove

Question 26

At what age is Galvayne's groove first seen?

Answer 26

Appears at the gingival line at approximately 11yo

Question 27

Which jaw is wider in the horse, causing anisognathia?

Answer 27

Maxilla is wider than mandible

Question 28

What is the potential effect of anisognathia?

Answer 28

With inadequate dental wear, this is likely to result in spurs developing on the buccal aspect of maxillary teeth, and lingual aspect of mandibular teeth

Question 29

Why are differently shaped rasps needed for horses?

Answer 29

Due to the maxillary dental arcade and the Curve of Spee thus requires different rasping angles to be achieved to accommodate the normal plane of each tooth

Question 30

What does the Curve of Spee refer to?

Answer 30

A dorsoventral curvature following the course of the maxillary teeth

Question 31

Describe the shape and roots of a maxillary cheek tooth.

Answer 31

Square in shape Have 2 infundibulae Have 3 roots

Question 32

How do mandibular and maxillary cheek teeth compare?

Answer 32

Maxillary teeth have 1 more root, are more square in shape and have an infundibulum whereas mandibular teeth are rectangular and have infolded enamel and only 2 roots

Question 33

What does an tooth infundibulum look like?

Answer 33

Pale in appearance due to underlying cementum prior to filling with food (as a dental cup)

Question 34

What are the features of a mandibular cheek tooth?

Answer 34

Overall rectangular shape Infolding peripheral enamel instead of infundibulum Has 2 roots

Question 35

In rabbits, what are the reserve crowns of the maxillary arcade within close apposition to?

Answer 35

Infraorbital canal

Question 36

How often are dental examinations recommended for horses?

Answer 36

Annually from birth, then increased to 6-monthly once older than 12yrs

Question 37

What is the name of the numbering system used for teeth?

Answer 37

Triadan numbering system

Question 38

What oral features are noted on dental records?

Answer 38

Condition of teeth - any missing - presence of calculus - presence of gingivitis - diastemata - caries - enamel points or hooks - fractures - mobile teeth

Question 39

What is caries?

Answer 39

The decay and crumbling of tooth or bone

Question 40

What is the symbol denoted for a fractured tooth?

Answer 40

#

Question 41

What does X mean on dental records

Answer 41

Extracted tooth

Question 42

What does a black box mean on dental records?

Answer 42

Missing tooth

Question 43

What does P (mm) stand for?

Answer 43

Periodontal pocket

Question 44

What should be done prior to examination in rabbits?

Answer 44

Mouth should be flushed out with dilute chlorhexidine or 0.96% saline solution for removing any food debris

Question 45

What should examination of a rabbit incorporate?

Answer 45

``` Facial symmetry Intermandibular space Parotid salivary glands Submandibular lymph nodes Cheeks over teeth Lateral movement of mandible ```

Question 46

Why must care be taken when rasping the lower check teeth in rabbits?

Answer 46

Branches of the lingual artery run closely medially to these teeth

Question 47

Why should the mouth be flushed post-procedure? What agent is recommended?

Answer 47

To remove remaining dental dust | Dilute chlorhexidine

Question 48

What is the recommendation for dental care in rabbits?

Answer 48

Minimum of 6 monthly | Ideally every 3mo

Question 49

What does a full dental examination entail in a rabbit?

Answer 49

General anaesthesia | Tracheal intubation

Question 50

What general checks should be incorporated with a oral examination?

Answer 50

Assess incisors for occlusion and abnormalities Presence of canines (horses) Palpate diastemata Check lips for scars or masses

Question 51

What is another name for the diastemata?

Answer 51

Bars

Question 52

Which teeth should be rasped prior to inserting the Hausmann gag?

Answer 52

Buccal angle of maxillary cheek teeth

Question 53

Why should the buccal angle of the maxillary cheek teeth be rasped prior to inserting the Hausemann gag?

Answer 53

To prevent any sharp points from damaging the buccal mucosa when the cheeks are drawn tight against the teeth

Question 54

What style of rasp should be used for the first 3 premolars?

Answer 54

A short, offset-angle rasp

Question 55

Which teeth are rasped by a straight rasp?

Answer 55

Rostral molars

Question 56

Why is a long forward-angled rasp necessary for the caudal 2 molars in horses?

Answer 56

To reach the caudal 2 molars, whilst accounting for the buccal curvature of the dental arcade

Question 57

What style of rasp is needed for the caudal most molars?

Answer 57

A long, forward-angled rasp

Question 58

Which teeth should be rasped prior to inserting a gag in both species, and why?

Answer 58

Buccal angle of the maxillary teeth should be rasped, to prevent any spurs from damaging the buccal mucosa

Question 59

When do the deciduous incisors and premolars appear in foals?

Answer 59

I1 - 1wo I2 - 4-6w0 I3 - 6-9mo PM2,3,4 are present from birth

Question 60

When do each of the permanent incisors erupt?

Answer 60

I1 - 2.5yo I2 - 3.5yo I3 - 4.5yo

Question 61

When do the permanent molars emerge?

Answer 61

M1 - 1yo M2 - 2yo M3 - 3.5yo

Question 62

At what ages do the premolars replace their deciduous counterparts?

Answer 62

PM2 - 2.5yo PM3 - 3yo PM4 - 4yo

Question 63

When do rabbits shed their juvenile dentition?

Answer 63

Within a few days of birth

Question 64

What is the common problem associated with rabbit diets?

Answer 64

Inappropriate diet or occlusion typically results in tooth elongation over time -> this places pressure on the alveolar nerve thus causing pain

Question 65

At what age do dental stars begin appearing on equine incisors?

Answer 65

I1 - 5yo I2 - 6yo I3 - 7yo

Question 66

When do white spots appear on adult horse incisors?

Answer 66

I3 - 8yo I2 - 9yo I3 - 9-15yo

Question 67

What are the age categories for dental cups of the incisors disappearing?

Answer 67

I1 - 6-7yo I2 - 7-11yo I3 - 9-15yo

Question 68

Subsequently, when do equine dental marks disappear?

Answer 68

I1 - 15yo I2 - 16yo I3 - 17yo