Heredity

Question 1

what is genetics

Answer 1

the study of genes, how traits are passed on

Question 2

when did modern genetics develop

Answer 2

in the 20th century, big advancements between 1590s and 1830s

Question 3

with whom did genetics as a practice begin

Answer 3

gregor mendel

Question 4

what leads to genetic variation

Answer 4

correlation between phenotype, genotype, and alleles

Question 5

what diseases did Garrod use based on Mendels work

Answer 5

alkaptonuria(black urine disease)
(inability to fully break down tyrosine and phenylalanine leading to accumulation of homogentistic acid in the body)

Question 6

how did Garrods work tie in with patterns of transmission

Answer 6

he recognized that the trait(for black urine disease) must be a “rare, usually recessive character”
it was HGD gene, and autosomal recessive

Question 7

what is the gene abbreviation for alkaptonuria

Answer 7

HGD gene

Question 7

what are the three major branches of genetics

Answer 7

-TRANSMISSION(mendelian genetics): transmission of traits in successive generations
-EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS: origin of genetic relationships and evolution of genes
-MOLECULAR GENETICS: variation of nucleic acids. proteins, and genomes

Question 8

what are the two principles of chromosome theory of inheritance

Answer 8

-chromosomes are the carriers of units of inheritance(genes)
-chromosomes maintain genetic continuity through generations

Question 9

from chromosome theory of inheritance what were 2 ideas of what was the genetic material

Answer 9

proteins(huge diversity)
nucleic acid(no sufficient diversity)

Question 10

what are genes

Answer 10

physical units of heredity now known to be DNA sequences

Question 11

what are chromosomes

Answer 11

long molecules of double-stranded DNA containing genes

Question 12

what are homologous pairs

Answer 12

chromosome pairs carrying genes for the same traits

Question 13

do homologous chromosomes have the same genes and alleles

Answer 13

carry the same size, morphology, and gene locations, and differ in genetics <0.1%

Question 14

metacentric chromosome

Answer 14

centromere is in the middle leading to p and q arms of equal length

Question 15

submetacentric chromosome

Answer 15

centromere slightly off center

Question 16

acrocentric chromosome

Answer 16

chromosome is close to the end(very short p arm, very long q arm)

Question 17

telocentric chromosome

Answer 17

centromere is at the end of the chromosome (no p arm)

Question 18

p arm vs q arm (chromosome)

Answer 18

p arm is always the shorter arm.
q arm is always the longer one

Question 19

what is a telomere

Answer 19

the end portion of a chromosome

Question 20

haploid vs diploid

Answer 20

haploid: contains only one set of chromatids
diploid: contains chromosome pairs

Question 21

DNA definition

Answer 21

hereditary material in all organisms

Question 22

RNA definition

Answer 22

single stranded genetic material used in some viruses

Question 23

mRNA definition

Answer 23

undergoes translation to produce proteins at ribosomes

Question 24

three essential components of nucleotides

Answer 24

nitrogen base pentose sugar phosphate group

Question 25

what type of nitrogen bases are adenine and guanine

Answer 25

purines

Question 26

what type of nitrogen bases are cytosine and thymine(and uracil)

Answer 26

pyrimidines

Question 27

what three traits make a model organism

Answer 27

easy to grow short life cycle produce many offspring

Question 28

eukarya, bacteria, and archaea

Answer 28

Eukarya: true nucleus, multiple linear chromosome Bacteria: no true nucleus, single chromosome(circular DNA) Archaea: no true nucleus, single chromosome

Question 29

template strand vs coding strand on DNA

Answer 29

Template strand: the strand which RNA is synthesized from Coding strand: partner to template strand(no function in RNA synthesis)

Question 30

3 things used to study genetic variation

Answer 30

stains blots probes

Question 31

southern blotting technique

Answer 31

DNA transfer named after Edwin Southern

Question 32

Northern blotting technique

Answer 32

mRNA transfer

Question 33

western blotting technique

Answer 33

protein transfer

Question 34

T/F in gel electrophoreses nucleic acids and proteins are positively charged and will move to the negative charged end of the gel

Answer 34

FALSE. most are negatively charged and move to the positive end

Question 35

what is genomics

Answer 35

study of genomes in their entirety to obtain full genome sequence

Question 36

proteomics

Answer 36

study of complete set of proteins encoded in genome

Question 37

transcriptomics

Answer 37

complete set of genes that undergo transcription in a cell

Question 38

genetics is the science of what

Answer 38

heredity

Question 39

how long has genetics been around for due to the selective breeding of crops

Answer 39

10,000 years

Question 40

what crops were selectively bred 10,000 years ago

Answer 40

maize rice wheat

Question 41

scientists that discovered chromosomal theory of inheritance

Answer 41

Walter Sutton Theodor Boveri

Question 42

what species did Dr. Davis genome sequence for her PhD

Answer 42

north American Bison