HIE (ch.18)

Question 1

What does HIE stand for?

Answer 1

Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy

Question 2

What is HIE?

Answer 2

Inadequate oxygen delivery to the brain

Question 3

What are common outcomes of HIE in survivors?

Answer 3

Cerebral palsy, learning disorders, epilepsy

Question 4

What population is HIE most often observed in?

Answer 4

Fetuses and newborns who experienced interrupted umbilical blood flow.

Question 5

What are common obstetric causes of HIE?

Answer 5

Prolapsed cord, cord compression, placental abruption, placental insufficiency

Question 6

What maternal conditions increase HIE risk?

Answer 6

Diabetes, pregnancy-induced hypertension, heart or renal disease, anesthetic/analgesic use

Question 7

What are infant-related risk factors for HIE?

Answer 7

Prematurity, multiple births, IUGR, fetal anomalies, thick meconium at birth

Question 8

What causes traumatic HIE in older infants or children?

Answer 8

Near-drowning, suffocation, cardiac arrest, CO poisoning, head trauma

Question 9

How much of the body’s oxygen does the brain consume during the first decade of life?

Answer 9

Up to 50%

Question 10

What causes HIE in terms of blood flow and oxygen?

Answer 10

Prolonged systemic hypoxemia (≥5 minutes) and reduced cerebral blood flow

Question 11

What are possible consequences of ≥5 minutes of hypoxemia?

Answer 11

Long-term neurologic damage or brain death

Question 12

What are late signs of HIE?

Answer 12

Bradycardia, hypotension, agonal respirations, apnea

Question 13

What is the initial approach to managing HIE?

Answer 13

Respiratory and cardiac support, plus prevention if possible

Question 14

What is intentional hypothermia therapy for HIE?

Answer 14

Cooling the body to 33–36.5°C for 48–72 hours to reduce brain injury