Shock (ch.18) Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is shock?
A syndrome of decreased perfusion and inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues, which may result in organ failure
What are the three stages of shock?
Compensated, uncompensated, and irreversible
What happens in uncompensated shock?
Cardiac output is low, and hypotension is present
What is a hallmark of irreversible shock?
Damage to the brain and heart
What are the four main types of shock?
Hypovolemic, distributive, cardiogenic, and obstructive
What is common to all types of shock?
Cellular hypoperfusion—reduced blood flow to tissues
The most common cause of shock in infants and children is…?
hypovolemic shock
What causes hypovolemic shock?
Fluid loss from hemorrhage, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, burns, third spacing, or osmotic diuresis
What is the most common cause of distributive shock?
Anaphylaxis due to allergen exposure
What characterizes distributive shock?
Profound vasodilation and venodilation causing blood flow maldistribution
What causes cardiogenic shock?
Severe myocardial dysfunction
What causes obstructive shock?
Physical obstruction to cardiac output (e.g., pulmonary embolism, tension pneumothorax, cardiac tamponade, congenital heart defects).
In hypovolemic shock, what happens to vessel size?
It remains the same; there’s just not enough volume to fill them
How does distributive shock differ from hypovolemic shock?
No volume loss, but maldistribution due to vessel dilation
What does cardiogenic shock cause in the lungs?
Pulmonary congestion, pulmonary edema, hypoxia, and increased work of breathing
What is a normal capillary refill time?
Less than 2 seconds
What is compensated shock?
Decreased perfusion with normal blood pressure
What is uncompensated shock?
Inadequate perfusion and hypotension
What are symptoms of hypovolemic shock?
Metabolic acidosis, weak pulses, delayed capillary refill, mottling, decreased urine output, and altered LOC
What are symptoms of distributive shock (like anaphylaxis
Hives, itching, stridor, wheezing, laryngeal edema, tachycardia, and hypotension
What are signs of cardiogenic shock?
Pulmonary edema, weak pulses, increased work of breathing, cool extremities, delayed cap refill
What types of shock are treated with fluid resuscitation?
Hypovolemic and distributive shock
What medications support circulation in shock?
Inotropes, vasopressors, and alpha-adrenergic agonists
What should be considered for shock that is refractory to treatment?
VA or VV ECMO
