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Higher Functions And Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What is circadian rhythm

A

Controls our sleep / awake periods

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2
Q

What is the endogenous circadian rhythm

A

The 24 hour body rhythm controlled by zeitgebers

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3
Q

What are zeitgebers

A

External factors that control the circadian rhythm

Sunrise sunset
Meal patterns

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4
Q

What is the free running circadian rhythm

A

25 hour cycle

Only happens when not effected by any zeitgebers

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5
Q

What body temperature makes it difficult to sleep

A

High body temp

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6
Q

What is a circadian High

A

High body temperature usually around 6pm ish

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7
Q

What is a circadian low

A

Lowest body temp usually around 4/5am ish

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8
Q

What is the most important internal factor affecting circadian rhythm

A

Body temperature

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9
Q

How many sleep credits do we get for every hour of sleep

A

2 sleep credits

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10
Q

what is the maximum number of sleep credits

A

16 sleep credits (8 hours of sleep)

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11
Q

How many sleep credits do you lose when awake

A

-1 sleep credit per hour

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12
Q

What reduces your sleep credits

A

Waking up early / disturbed sleep

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13
Q

What happens when you run out of sleep credits

A

Sleep debits/ deficits

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14
Q

At what rate do you accumulate sleep debits

A

1 debit / hour

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15
Q

How much sleep do you need to recover from a sleep debit

A

2x as much sleep do recover from 1 debit

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16
Q

What are he affects of sleep debits

A 
Fatigue 
Moody 
Irritable 
Weak 
Reduced performance/concentration 
Increased errors 
More prone to illusions
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17
Q

What is the biggest danger in sleep debits

A

You might not realise performance is degrading

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18
Q

What measures brain activity

A

EEG

Electroencephalogram

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19
Q

What is the first stage of sleep

A

Drowsiness

Light sleep

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20
Q

What is the second stage of sleep

A

Light sleep

Short periods of fast eeg

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21
Q

What stage do you spend 50% of your time when asleep

A

Stage 2

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22
Q

What are stages 3/4 in sleep

A

Orthodox sleep / slow wave sleep

Deep sleep

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23
Q

What is stage 5 of sleep

A

Rapid eye movement (R.E.M.) / paradosicle

Eyes move behind eye lids
Dream stage
EEG in R.E.M. sleep is same as awake
Muscles paralysed to stop is acting out dreams

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24
Q

What is orthodox sleep

A

Stage 3/4

Body and cells recovering from the day / repairing

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25
What is paradoxical sleep
Stage 5 Strengthens / organises memory
26
What is the rebound effect
Body / brains ability to determine how much orthodox/ paradox sleep is needed each night
27
How long is the time between falling asleep and the first R.E.M.
90 mins
28
What does the period of R.E.M. sleep do as the night goes on
Increases
29
How many R.E.M. sleep do you get a night
5 periods
30
What is the minimum duration for a nap to be restorative
10 mins
31
How long after a nap will you have slow responses
5 mins
32
How long after a nap will it take overall performance to restore to normal
20 mins
33
If you’re having a nap in a flight deck how long should you be awake before approach / decent starts
1 hour
34
What is microsleeps
Last a fraction of a second / few seconds Might not be aware you’ve had one No restorative properties
35
What is the other names for jet lag
Transmeridian desynchronisation Circadian dysrhythmia
36
What does different time zones mean for the circadian rhythm
Out of sync as zeitgebers change
37
What direction is worst affected by jet lag
“West is best” Therefor east is worst
38
What are the guidelines for recovery time from jet lag
1 day to recover for each time zone crossed 1 day for every 90 mins of jet lag
39
What is the formula for jet lag recovery
There isn’t one it is independent for every person
40
How do you minimise jet lag if you are staying in s location for over 24 hours
Adjust as soon as possible to new time zone
41
How do you minimise jet lag if you are staying in a location for less than 24 hours
Stay on your home time zone
42
How do you minimise jet lag if you are staying in a location for 24 hours
Nap when you first arrive, plan for have long sleep (8 hours) before next duty time
43
How to get best sleep you can
``` Don’t use sleeping pills Avoid alcohol / caffeine Don’t exercise before sleep Avoid mapping just before sleep Relaxation techniques / meditate Drink warm milky drinks Make room cold Make sure bed is comfy Use black out curtains ```
44
What just a crews attitude to sleep be
A crews attitude to sleep must be proactive
45
What is narcolepsy
Fall asleep anytime anywhere Doesn’t need any sleep debits
46
What is sleep apnoea
Stop breathing during sleep Disrupted sleep Very tired
47
What is somnambulism
Sleep walking
48
What is somniloquism
Sleep talking
49
What is insomnia situational
Unable to sleep because of jet lag / uncomfy / too hot
50
What is insomnia clinical
Inability to sleep even when I’m that phase of circadian rhythm for sleep Causes = stress anxiety
51
What sleeping pills can you use
NON UNLESS UNDER DIRECT INSTRUCTION FROM AME
52
What is fatigue
Extreme tiredness from mental / physical exertion or illness
53
What is acute fatigue
Short Term and quite normal
54
What causes acute fatigue
Over worked Jet lag Working patterns Excitement (like a child at Christmas)
55
What can acute fatigue cause
``` Reduced performance / concentration More error prone Feeling tired / irritable Increased reaction times Reduced visual acuity Impaired judgement Fixation (tunnelling of attention) Reverse to old habits “reversion” ```
56
What is acute fatigue cured by
Sleep | Relaxation time
57
What is chronic fatigue
Associated with psychological issues
58
What causes chronic fatigue
Stressed Anxiety Underlying illness
59
What effect does chronic fatigue have
Wear and tear on the body Digestive problems Cardiovascular problems Psychological / emotional problems
60
If you feel you are suffering from fatigue what should you do
Deem yourself unfit to fly
61
How to avoid manage fatigue
Get enough sleep Nap Accept if it’s a problem Keep active mentally and physically
62
What is stress
Reaction / non specific response of the body that can be physiological/ psychological to demands / threats placed on a person
63
When do you encounter stress
Every day
64
What does encountering stressful situations do
Enables you to adapt and learn to manage certain situations (adaption)
65
Is stress positive or negative
Both
66
What does positive stress achieve
Small doses of positive stress needed to reach optimal performance
67
What is acute stress
Specific events or situations happening at that time Quickly leads to mobilisation of resources to cope with it Fight or flight (general adaption syndrome)
68
What is chronic stress
Long term repeated exposure to a stressful situation Prolonged exposure to hormones = wear and tear on Body
69
What effect does stress have on your health and body in the head
Headaches Constantly feeling nervous / anxious Mouth can feel dry Sweat
70
What effect does stress have on your health and body in the heart
Heart rate increases | Blood pressure increases
71
What effect does stress have on your health and body in the stomach
Nauseous Change of appetite Heart burn Stomach ulcers
72
What effect does stress have on your health and body apart from head, heart, stomach
Risk of diabetes Digestion problems Reproductive problems Immune system decreases
73
In what way does chronic stress affect cognition
Brain and mental ability decreases Concentration and attention decreases Errors increase Memory decrease
74
How does cognitive stress cause you to complete tasks
With excessive haste Error prone Less accurate
75
How does chronic stress affect incoming information
Confirmation bias
76
How does chronic stress affect behaviour
``` Aggression Impatient Self destructive Eating more / less = change in appetite Withdraw ```
77
How does chronic stress affect personality
Depressed Emotional Tense
78
What are the external physiological (environmental) stress
Heat Humidity Noise Shaky
79
What are the internal physiological (environmental) stresses
``` Hunger Thirst I’ll Fatigue Pain ```
80
What will physiological stresses do to the overall body
Put strain on the homeostasis nervous system
81
What temperature should the body be at
37°c ish
82
What is the best room temp
20°c ish
83
What happens to the body if it’s too hot
Sweat > dehydrated > body temp rises quicker > heat exhaustion > brain swells in skull (headache) > death (at internal temp of 43°c)
84
How long does it take to adjust to new climates
2 weeks
85
What body temp does hypothermia start to take place
35°c
86
What temperature does shivering commence
32 - 35°c
87
How does the situation of being too cold develop
Shiver > loses oxygen + energy > tired > pale > breathing rate increases > speech slurred > contentment (happy) > confusion > toes / fingers = frost bite > once internal temp below 32°c = sleep > coma > death
88
How does excess noise affect you
Decreases performance
89
What is the affect of 1-4 hz of vibration
Interference with breathing | Interfere with vision
90
What affect does 4-10 hz of vibration have
Chest / abdominal pain
91
What affect does 8-12 hz of vibration cause
Back ache
92
What affect does 10-20 hz of vibration cause
``` Pain in throat Headache Severe eye strain Speech difficult Muscular tension ```
93
What is the ideal humidity
40-60%
94
What are the symptoms of low humidity
``` Cough Dry skin Irritated eyes Dehydrated Dry throat / nose Allergies worse ```
95
When do mental / cognitive stress occur
Where the perceived demands of a task seem greater than the perceived ability to cope with the task = Don’t think we can cope with it
96
When can a overload of information occur inflight
Feeling behind the aircraft
97
What are non organisational / non professional / domestic stress issues
Death Divorce Money
98
What are examples of organisational stress
Anything within working environment ``` Work patterns Weather Checkrides Exams Time pressure Fuel saving Pax Sop Non ergonomically standardised equipment Lack of hand on flying ```
99
What is the greatest cause of stress
Death of a spouse
100
What is tidal breathing
Natural breathing in and out
101
What is inspiration reserve
Big breath in
102
What is expiator reserve
Big breath out
103
What is residual volume
Air you can’t get out
104
What is tidal capacity
6 litres
105
What is vital capacity
4.8 litres Max forces me inhale
106
What is inspiratory capacity
3.6 litres Big breath in
107
What functional residual capacity
2.4 litres
108
What makes haemoglobin
Bone marrow
109
What does the Eustachian tube do
Balances pressure between inner and outer ear
110
What reads alphanumeric information
Central vision Fovea area
111
Where does myopia fall
Short of the retina
112
What are the twin objectives of human performance
The safety and efficiency of the operation and the well being of the individual
113
What’s the 2 branches of the autonomic system
Parasympathetic and sympathetic
114
What does parasympathetic do
Calms us down Reduces heart rate / breathing rate Reduces arousal Prolonged the body’s ability to come with stress (reduces stress)
115
What does sympathetic do
Fight or flight Increases arousal Provides body with resources to come with stress
116
What is the first phase of the GAS
Alarm stage First confronted with threatening situation Sympathetic nervous system Adrenalin hormone being pumped through body
117
What are the physical characteristics of the GAS alarm stage
Breathing rate /heart rate / blood pressure increase Pupils dilate Glucose levels increase Tensed up mussels Peristalsis (bowel movement stops) Decrease in resistance to other stresses
118
What are the psychological characteristics of the alarm stage of GAS
Memory improves to draw past knowledge Alertness increases
119
What is phase 2 of GAS
Resistance Parasympathetic nervous system Recover from initial reaction Homeostasis
120
What are the physical characteristics of the resistance stage of GAS
Heart rate / breathing rate / blood pressure decreases Glucose levels stay at same rate as in alarm stage to help cope with remaining stress Cortisone secretion (pain killer) increases
121
What is phase 3 of GAS
Exhaustion stage
122
What happens in the exhaustion stage of GAS
Glucose and cortisone is still pumping into body Run out of glucose = fatigue Body trying to eliminate waste products produced from previous stages
123
What happens if exhaustion stage of GAS lasts too long
Heart disease Stomach ulcers Hypertension Could kill us (after too long)
124
How are GAS reactions and phases the same?
TRICK!! THEY ARE DIFFERENT DONT GET CONFUSED!!!
125
What is the first reaction to GAS
Psychological reaction Brain recognises there is a threat (stressor)
126
What is the 2nd reaction to GAS
Psychosomatic reaction Brain triggers release of hormones = Adrenalin / glucose
127
What is the 3rd reaction to GAS
Somatic reaction Body now responding to hormones and chemicals
128
When does The 3 reactions to GAS occur
In phase 1 of GAS
129
What happens when you go to far into the stress zone of the inverted u hypothesis
“Break point” can potentially have a break down
130
What are the 2 types of overload
Qualitative Quantitive
131
What excessive over load cause
``` Panic Increase heart rate Mussels tense up Mental blocks Attention fixation Increase blood pressure Mood swings Regression (back to old habits) Increase in errors ```
132
How to manage overload
Use of multi crew (shared workload) Prioritise
133
Symptoms of under load
Complacent ``` Bored Moody Lack of motivation Attention reduces Situational awareness reduces Increase in errors ```
134
What does the “coping” part of coping with stress mean
Short term solution
135
How can you cope with stress
Direct action coping Inhibition (cognitive) coping Symptom direct coping
136
What is direct action coping
Removing ourself from the stressor | Delay take off due to bad weather over airport
137
What is inhibition (cognitive) coping
+ Thinking things through (rationalise) - denial “it’s not going to happen to me”
138
What is symptom direct coping
Removing symptoms of the stress | Alcoholism etc
139
What does the “managing” part of managing stress mean
Long term solutions
140
How can you manage stress
Preventative (keeping stress levels to a minimum) Curative (reducing existing stress levels)
141
How else can you manage stress
Exercise Relaxation techniques Religion - sense of belonging Talk about it
142
What is the number 1 cause of stress in the cockpit
Currency (hands on flying) (lack of it)
143
What’s the first thing to go in a stressful situation
Communication
144
How many things can s central decision maker do
1 no multitasking
145
What is selective attention
Choosing to listen to only one sensory Channel
146
What is the cocktail party effect
Selective attention Ability to pick up irrelevant info unintentionally (hearing your name st a cocktail party)
147
What is divided attention
Monitoring more than one channel = effectiveness decreases
148
What is habituation (in attention form)
Once you have got used to a stimulus you ignore it
149
What is saliency
A intense stimulus or interesting will get your immediate attention Favours visual cues to audial ones
150
What is vigilance
Sustained attention over time
151
What controls vigilance
Central nervous system Closely linked to our circadian system
152
What is hypovigilance
Under aroused Underload Bored Fatigue Poor judgement Lack of concentration
153
What can cause hypovigilance
Too warm Low light levels Isolation
154
What is hypervigilance
``` Over aware of things Stressed Overwhelmed Breakpoint Mental / cognitive resources reduce Funnelling of attention ```
155
What happens to response times when hyper vigilant
Response time reduces
156
What is response error
When you prepare for an expected stimulus but a unexpected stimulus occurs the prepared response may be used
157
How long do you store echoic information
2-8 seconds Hearing / audio information
158
How long do you store iconic information
0.5-1 second Visual information
159
If sensory information is important where does it go next
Working memory
160
How long can you store info in working memory
10-30 seconds
161
How much info can your working memory hold
7 +/- 2 bits
162
What is the problem with long term memory
You never forget stuff but sometimes can’t retrieve it
163
What is episodic memory
Personal memories Can be influenced by suggestion
164
What illnesses affect episodic memory
Alzheimers Amnesia
165
What is semantic memory
Language store / general knowledge
166
What is more accurate / lasts longer semantic of episodic memory
Semantic
167
What does episodic + semantic memory =?
Explicit memory
168
What is procedural memory
Stores procedures More accurate than episodic memory
169
What is implicit memory
Procedural memory
170
What can long term memory be affected by
Expectations desires and experiences
171
How can you help yourself to remember information
``` Chunking Rehearsal Association Catch phrases / rhymes Nemonic Over learning ```
172
What % of info is received through visual channel
70%
173
What are the 4 main ways of learning
Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Insight learning Imitation / modelling / observational
174
What is classical conditioning
Ringing a bell every time you feed a dog Ring the bell and the dog then over time expects to be fed
175
What is operant conditioning
Learning to modify behaviour to produce a desirable or avoid an undesirable outcome
176
What is insight learning
Using own brain through past experiences to solve a problem
177
What is imitation / modelling / observational learning
Models the actions / behaviours of another person
178
Factors affecting learning
Preparation time Study time Review time Then tested
179
What affects preparation time / study time / review time
``` Stress / anxiety Fatigue Distractions Age Illness Motivation (affected by own personal feedback) ```
180
What makes it easier to recall information from a mental schemas (cognitive schemas)
The bigger (more info in) the mental schemas the easier it is to remember
181
What is a personal schemas
Describes personalities of people
182
What is an events schemas
How you approach a task / problem
183
What is a roll schemas
How you expect someone in a roll to react | Stereotyping
184
What are Motor programs
Autopilot for humans Must initiate action then it becomes automatic
185
What is the first stage of the andersons model
Cognitive stage Learning theoretical knowledge
186
What is the second stage of the andersons model
Associative stage Practice the skill
187
What is the third stage of the andersons model
Autonomous phase Automatic
188
What is bottom up (data driven) processing
Receive info from senses
189
What is too down (conceptually driven) processing
Info compared to last knowledge / experiences
190
What happens when you use both data driven and conceptually driven processing
Interactive processing
191
What are the 5 laws of gestalt
Good continuation / continuity Periodicity / closure Proximity Similarity Symmetry / simplicity
192
What is good continuation / continuity (gestalt)
Things form a continuous form Perceived as part of the same group
193
What is periodicity / closure (gestalt)
Recognising the shape (we fill in the gaps)
194
What is proximity (gestalt)
Objects close together perceived as groups
195
What is similarity (gestalt)
Any objects that appear similar will be grouped as one
196
What is symmetry / simplicity (gestalt)
Symmetrical images perceived as one being one group despite of distance
197
What is visual constancy
Brain wants to see objects as stable and unchanged
198
What is size constancy
Ability to recognise an object when size remains the same even though the rise of the image in the retina changes
199
What is shape constancy
Being able to realise an object is the same shape despite the change in the shape on the retina
200
What is colour / brightness constancy
Being able to recognise an object despite the change in colour / brightness on the retina
201
What is perceptual set (expectancy)
Readiness to perceive certain features of a stimulus in a certain way Seeing 13 and B Very difficult to change a model your brain has created
202
What sensory input is most reliable
Visual input
203
What are the 3 most critical illusions
Visual Audio Kinaesthetic
204
What is the comparative size visual illusion
When flying over tall trees, as trees get smaller you feel like your getting higher
205
What is perspective visual illusion
>————-<
206
What is autokinesis visual illusion (auto kinetic)
Especially at night Look at star looks like it appears to be moving Not enough background info for your brain to decide the light is stationary Can confuse aircraft lights from stars
207
What taxiing illusions are there
When going from taxiing a small aircraft to taxing a large aircraft = think you’re taxiing slower than you actually are
208
When take off / missed approach illusions
Somatogravic = feels like pitching up = accelerating Failed horizons Gently sloping terrain
209
What is false horizons illusion
Surface lights are confused for stars
210
What is the most dangerous part of flight
Intermediate and final approach
211
What illusion do you get if the terrain slopes up on approach to runway
= feel to high Result = low shallow app / undershoot
212
What happens if the approach to the runway is downsloping
Illusion = too low Result = high approach / overshoot
213
If runway slopes uphill whay is the illusion
Feel too high = low shallow approach and undershoot
214
What illusion happens if runway slopes downhill
Feel to low = high approach / overshoot
215
How does bright runway light affect approach
Feel closer = feel too high = pitch down = shallow approach / undershoot
216
What is the black hole effect (kraft)
When surrounded by water / desert (nothing around) It amplifies bright light illusion
217
What illusion comes from reduces visibility
See less detail = look further away
218
What illusion does rain on the windscreen have
Makes horizon / threshold appear lower = think you’re too high Magnifies runway lights = feel your going too quickly (at night) Vis reduced = think your further away
219
What illusion does very smooth water have
Think you’re higher than you are
220
What is personality
What defines us as a person Stable characteristics associated with an individual
221
What makes up a personality
Past experiences Childhood environment Up bringing Genetics
222
What is self concept
How you see yourself
223
What is self ideal
The person you would like to be
224
What is the best characteristics of a pilot according to the Hans Eysenck model
Stable extrovert
225
According to Hans Eysenck what is the worst characteristics of a pilot
Unstable extrovert
226
What is the best interactive style of a pilot
Goal + | Person +
227
What is attitude
Determining whether you like or don’t like something Respond favourably / unfavourably towards a target / person
228
What is attitudes and behaviour influenced by
Media Family Education
229
What factors affect group decisions
Roll and status Persuasion Conformity Obedience / compliance
230
What is group think
“We-ness” “close knit” no one wants to upset the group so don’t speak up
231
What features groupthink
``` Too much cohesion Insulated from external info May not look at all the options Very strong (overly strong) leader Under pressure to make decisions quickly ```
232
What is risky shift
When groups make more risky decisions
233
What is behaviours
How we act and the sum of personality and attitude
234
What are the 6 most dangerous behaviour in flight
Anti- authoritarianism Impulsiveness Sense of invulnerability (it won’t happen to me) Excessive self esteem / ego / arrogance / pride / matcho Complacency / unjustified self confidence Resignation
235
What is S in Jens rasmussen’s SRK model
Skill based (motor programs) Automatic = needs initiating
236
What are the 2 routine errors in S in Jens rasmussen’s SRK model
Action slip Intent is correct but outcome is wrong Environmental capture Do things automatically rather than diligently
237
What is R in Jens rasmussen’s SRK model
Rule based behaviour Procedures / routines No motor programs / skills Both long and short term memory
238
What is the routine error in R in Jens rasmussen’s SRK model
Faults mistakes Wrong intent
239
What is K in Jens rasmussen’s SRK model
Knowledge based behaviour No skill procedures or routines “WTF is going on” No rules or motor programs apply
240
What is the routine error for K in Jens rasmussen’s SRK model
Prone to faults and mistakes
241
What are errors in Jens rasmussen’s SRK model
Complacency Confirmation bias Frequency bias (use solutions to previously encountered problems / scenarios which are wrong for current situation)
242
What is transactional analysis
Parent ego Child ego Adult ego
243
What is parent ego
Taught concept “Do this do that” Authoritative
244
What is a child ego
Emotional Not capable of making decisions Sad / angry / tantrum
245
What is a adult ego
Thought concept Talk through options / problems Make decisions Pay attention Motivated
246
What transactional analysis ego is best for a pilot
Adult ego
247
How do team member judge a person
Ability Status Norm Role
248
What is perceived ability
Associated to status + role For example: if in flight deck with senior captain you may be a bit sheepish
249
What is norm behaviour
The behaviour you associate with a person in a certain role
250
What is role behaviour
Function and behaviours associated with a certain role
251
What is situational awareness
When perception meets reality
252
What factors affect situational awareness
``` Workload Stress fatigue Distractions Hopes wishes and desires ```
253
What is motivation
Different between what a person can do and what a person will do
254
What factors affect motivation
Goals (only good if achievable) Company work ethos Boredom Feedback Press-on-itis/ home-itis = pilots will take more risks to try and get home despite danger
255
What is Maslow hierarchy of needs
Driven by both physiological and psychological needs Physiological needs need to be satisfied first
256
If two pilots are having a conflict what need is not met
Self esteem
257
What are good traits of a good leader
Stable extrovert Listens to opinions of others first Good communication Motivated
258
Good characteristics of s follower
Listen Question Feel confident to voice you own opinion
259
If you disagree with a captains decision that captains made which doesn’t pose w threat to the flight what should you do
Carry on with flight as normal to avoid conflict
260
What is autocratic
Very steep gradient between captain and first officer Very authoritative captain Won’t talk to you Won’t trust you to complete tasks Captain may be over loaded If you feel angry about this situation you turn a third party into a scape goat
261
What is Laisser-Faire
Very fast gradient between captain and first officer Very little technical conversation Captains wants to make everyone happy and won’t make decisions “Selfish / self-centred cockpit” Potential of role reversal
262
What is the most dangerous cockpit gradient
Laisser faire
263
What is synergistic cockpit gradient
Optimum gradient Captain displays good characteristics for s good leader
264
What is the best cockpit gradient
Synergistic
265
What is the quote from Paul watzalawick’s
“One cannot not communicate” In other words every situation requires communication
266
What does communication require
2 of more people Transmitter and a receiver
267
What is the inter communication model developed by Berlo
Communication requires 6 things to take place : ``` Source Message Channel Receiver Encoder Decoder ```
268
What are the 4 reasons we communicate
Instrumental - trying to obtain information Informative - trying to explain something / either give or receive Ritual - cultural norm, habit, reinforce social bonds Persuasive - telling someone to do something or they you are doing something, changing attitude / behaviours
269
What is context
Structure of sentence and punctuation used dictates the context of sentences
270
What % of communication is through body language
70%
271
What is meta communications
All forms of communication: ie body language + tone etc
272
What % of communication is made up of meta communication
80%
273
What is professional language
Abbreviations Technical language that is associated to a industry To avoid any misunderstanding
274
What must you be aware of when using professional language
That the other person is fluent in the language and they understand
275
Factors affecting communication: What is intelligibility
Can’t understand what’s being said Not speaking clearly Static in radio Fast speech Unusual accent
276
Factors affecting communication What is ambiguity
Intent of message has room for misinterpretation
277
Factors affecting communication: What is uniqueness
For example a unique call sign won’t get mixed up with another aircrafts call sign causing confusion
278
Factors affecting communication: What is expectancy
Expecting to hear something
279
Factors affecting communication What is quantity
Memory limited to 7 +/- 2 bits Amount of info in a message
280
Factors affecting communication Common language
Mixing languages is dangerous English should always be used
281
Factors affecting communication Interruptions and workload
Can cause breakdowns in communication
282
Factors affecting communication Perceived ability of receptor
If transmitter perceived the receiver to be incompetent then the transmitter should: Speak slowly Short sentences Small simple vocabularies
283
Factors affecting communication Feedback
Confirmation they have understood the message
284
What is a open (implicit) question
“What do you think POF” + before a response is given factors must be considered - response takes time - prone to misunderstanding
285
What is a closed (explicit) question
“Do you like POF” + simple +quick -can be so simple you don’t have enough info to give a good response
286
What is a leading question
“That’s Heathrow over there isn’t it” Loss of situational awareness
287
If interrupted in the middle of a briefing what should you do
Remind captain of last thing that was said
288
What is conflict a cause of
Poor communication
289
What is interpersonal conflict
Between 2 or more people
290
What is intrapersonal conflict
Within yourself
291
What is conflict in terms of escalation
Conflict tends to be accumulative (escalate)
292
How can you prevent conflict
Actively listen Feedback Ask questions Negotiation (come to a compromise / agreement) Advocacy (strongly give your opinion) however can intensify the argument Meta communication (using every type of communication)
293
How can culture lead to conflict
Different languages / symbols may mean different things in different languages (could be insulting)
294
What is the main parts of mcc
Cooperation Communication Or Redundancy Division of responsibilities and workload sharing
295
What is the benefits of cooperation
Team work Good communication Shadings of responsibilities and workload Good situational awareness
296
What is good CRM
Coordination Situational awareness Communication Decisions making Planning Task management
297
What is co-action
Working together towards a common goal Captain briefing crew on a plan for diversions
298
What must a good briefing contain
As much info as possible and be as comprehensive as possible Less than 10 ideas / sentences Standardised Things can change from flight to flight Enforce particular requirements Everyone knows what their role is
299
What is the key things to remember when completing a checklist
No bother tasks should be done Needs to be done diligently NOT from memory
300
What are design points to remember when designing a checklist
Important items at the beginning Longer checklist = more sub decisions Logical index Should (where possible) be linked to a panel scan Critical points should have redundancies (repeated) Bold italics / underline to emphasise points Text size should be min require for legibility
301
What is cognitive synchronisation
Working together to achieve w common goal Done through use of checklists / maintaining a similar image
302
What is temporal synchronisation
When 2 pilots trigger a simultaneous action Both pilots do the same thing at the same time
303
What is synergy
Group performance exceeding the sum of the individual performances
304
What would the equation 1+1=<2 mean
Bad synergy
305
What would 1+1=>2 mean
Good synergy
306
What are SOPS good for
Maintaining good synergy
307
What are barriers to crew cooperation
Excessive ego Anti authoritarian Invulnerability Impulsive Resigned Complacency (worst)
308
What is the current opinion on the frequency of human errors
Human errors are now considered as being inevitable
309
What is the most dangerous characteristic of perception
Is it extremely resistant to correction
310
What are the characteristics of a safety culture
``` Informed culture Reporting culture Flexible culture Learning culture Just culture ```
311
Can you suffer from aerodontalgia in the descent
No
312
What is declarative memory
Contains memory of all the knowledge required to perform the skill
313
What is procedural memory
Contains a series of rules “if this happens then do that”
314
What is active memory
Contains active information which is currently being processed

ATPL HPL (6 decks)

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