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Human Factors Flashcards

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1
Q

What was in 1920

A

Dawn of air travel

Rapid development of aircraft = faster, further and more passengers

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2
Q

What happened in 1940

A

Standardisation of ergonomics

Design 
Layout of controls
Layout of indicators 
Comfort 
Ease of use
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3
Q

Why are statistics important

A

To identify trends

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4
Q

What is in the 5 M model

A 
Man
Machine 
Mission
Management 
Medium (operational environment)
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5
Q

What % of accidents are due to human error

A

70%

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6
Q

Top 3 causes of accidents in order

A

1) loss of control in flight (LOC-I)
2) controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)
3) runway excursion - leaving runway

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7
Q

What is the biggest reason for the reduction in Hull loss

A

Gpws- ground proximity warning

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8
Q

What does training giving you

A

Knowledge
Skill
Ability

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9
Q

Before training how many mistakes do you make

A

1 in ever 100 times doing something

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10
Q

How many mistakes do you make after training

A

1 mistake in ever 1000 times doing something

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11
Q

How does mcc differ from crm

A

Mcc focuses on inside the cockpit

Whereas crm is everyone involved in ensuring the aircrafts safety

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12
Q

What is the James Reason error chain

A

Swiss cheese model

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13
Q

What is the Swiss cheese model

A

Swiss cheese has holes

The holes represent errors/ threats / undesired states

If go through all holes = accident

If you hit the cheese = no accident

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14
Q

What are the 5 eliminate for a good safety culture

A

1) informed culture = sharing knowledge
2) reporting culture = people feel able to report their errors
3) flexible culture = able to be flexible
4) learning culture = constantly learning

5) just culture = people encouraged tor providing safety related info
Clear line between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour

National culture can also affect safety culture (eg French speaking French)

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15
Q

What is the average accident rate

Accident = resulting in injury or fatality

A

1.2 / million flights

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16
Q

What % of accidents are caused by human error

A

70-80%

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17
Q

What is the most common cause of pilot induced error

A

Loss of directional control

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18
Q

What is the most common form of loss of directional control which results in an accident

A

Controlled flight into terrain

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19
Q

What are the icao competency’s

A

Knowledge
Skill
Attitude

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20
Q

Is it possible to stop humans making errors

A

Nope

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21
Q

What are the 3 basic components of TEM (threat error management)

A

Avoid threats
Avoid errors
Avoid undesired aircraft states

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22
Q

What is a threat

A

External factor that cannot be influenced by the crew

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23
Q

What is a latent threat

A

A threat that is dormant in the system

Eg a wrongly inputted waypoint but a engineer

Luls you into False sense of security

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24
Q

What are some environmental threats

A 
Weather 
Atc 
Airport 
Terrain 
Other = similar call signs
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25
What are some organisational threats
``` Operational pressure Aircraft (poor design) Cabin Maintenance Ground Dispatch Crew scheduling error ```
26
What is a error
Influenced by the crew
27
What are some procedural errors
``` SOPS Checklists Callouts Briefings Documentation ```
28
What are some aircraft handling errors
Manual handling / flight control Automation Systems / radios / instruments Ground nav
29
What are some communication errors
Crew to external | Pilot to pilot
30
What are some undesired aircraft state
Aircraft handling: vertical/ lateral / speed deviations / unstable approach Ground nav: wrong taxiway etc Incorrect aircraft configuration: wrong mass and balance / engines / flaps / automation
31
What are the error management strategies (long versions)
Error prevention: Avoiding all threats / errors Error reduction: Minimising likelihood / magnitude of any errors Error detection: Making any errors appear as fast as possible = enabling recovery quicker Error recovery Error tolerance: System to be tolerant to errors
32
Error management strategies (short)
Avoid > trap > mitigate
33
What are the 3 categories of individual and team countermeasures
Planning countermeasure Execution countermeasure Review countermeasure
34
What is an omission
Missing something out
35
What is a violation
Purposely not doing something properly / missing it out
36
What is a routine violation
Developed from an exceptional violation | Can lead to change in SOP
37
What is an exceptional violation
Can lead to routine violation BUT May be one off and can result in a disaster
38
What is an example of a active error
Takeoff over rotate = tail strike
39
What is a active threat / error
Happening at that moment = Immediate consequence Usually occurs at the human machine interface
40
What is Murphy’s law
If anything can go wrong it will If a system can be operated incorrectly sooner or later it will be
41
What is the different parts of internal error generation
Sensing errors: To react from error we must first detect it Representing errors: Perception can cause many errors / illusions Action slips Faults / mistakes ``` Decision making: False hypothesis = confirmation bias Motivation Arousal / stress levels Distractions ```
42
What are the two forms of distraction
Channelised attention / distraction: Concentrate so much on getting right pitch = miss turning point (fixation) Dispersed attention: Concentrating on so many things forget to put gear down
43
What is external error generation
SHELL ``` S= software (procedures, symbology) H = hardware (machine) E= environment L= liveware (human) ```
44
SHELL model what is: liveware to liveware
How you work and interact with other liveware (people) Mcc crm
45
SHELL model what is: liveware to hardware
How you work with a physical aspect of the system Eg bells / warnings If you don’t know what the bells / warnings mean = L>H error 3 point altimeter = difficult to use
46
How much more difficult to use is the 3 point altimeter
3 times harder to read
47
How much do errors increase by using a 3 point altimeter
20%
48
SHELL model what is: liveware to software
Non physical aspect of the system SOP etc Manuals / checklists = software Procedures / training Mode error = not knowing what mode the aircraft is in
49
SHELL model what is: liveware to environmental
Too hot / noisy / humidity etc Terrain / weather etc Fuel policy / rostering (organisational policy) jet lag
50
What is a reversible error
One that can be cleared (deleting words off a page)
51
What are different types of error prevention
Computer = won’t let u retract wheels if still on ground Cross monitoring = flight deck monitor each other (and yourself) Machine monitoring = machine monitors what we are doing
52
What is decision making
Evaluating options Step by step scientific process = picking solution from possible options
53
What does good decision making process depend on
Subjective / objective criteria Aim to be achieved Risks associated with each solution Personality of the decision maker (stable personality = best personality for good decisions) Bias Perception / situational awareness Stress / emotions Training Motivation Commercial factors
54
What positive factors are there for humans making decisions
Creativity Innovative Can cope with novel situations If have correct skill can solve problems / make quick decisions
55
What are he mechanics of decision making
1) diagnose + design objective 2) collect info 3) risk assessment 4) develop options 5) evaluate 6) decide 7) assign 8) implement decision 9) consequences 10) review / feedback
56
What errors is decision making prone to
``` Confirmation bias Expectancy Saliency (how obvious info is) Over confidence / complacency Fatigue / overload Denial ```
57
What are the limitations for decision making
Attention Stress Lack of experience
58
Judgement / risk assessment / decision making in the air is based on the:
Pilot Aircraft Environmental conditions Time available
59
What is commitment
When no other changes can be made = point of no return
60
How does the eye datum point in the cockpit help
Makes sure you’re in the best position If eye below point = flatter approach / undershoot
61
Cockpit seat design is made so that they are
Comfy Good lumber support (evenly distribute pressure in disks in spine Suspension to absorb vibrations / can protect from heavy G forces 5 point seat belt = protect against G forces Stood you from submarining (slouching) Designed around anthropometric data (average persons body dimensions)
62
What is the different between analogue and digital
Digital = quantitive info (numbers) Analogue = qualitative (gauge)
63
What must controls and instruments be
Standardised
64
What is the difference between primary and secondary engine instruments
Primary: Larger / usually on the left = more important info Secondary = normally on right of screen / smaller not essential info
65
What must cockpit lighting do
Should avoid harsh shadows and glare
66
What must warnings and cautions be
Attention getting but not startling Audio best for getting attention Visual more informative / precise
67
What are the advantages of automation
Reduces workload More accurate Reduces errors Reliable Will fly it smoother / do better landings Reduce flight deck size (increased profits)
68
What are the automation disadvantages
Become more complacent (automation complacency) Reduced monitoring (passive monitoring) Reduces situational awareness “out of the loop” Bored = experimentation “oh what does that button do” Blinkered concentration (fixation) Confusion automation “what’s the plane doing Now” Older pilots miss trust automation Manual skills deteriorate (can be a result of complacency) Communication can break down Automation can reduce communication Difficult to change plans
69
How to adapt to automation
Treat automation as another crew member Always keep ontop of automation
70
What is the irony of automation
Thay pilots are to oversee an automated system which they do poorly
71
What is bainbridges irony
The more reliable the system, the less human operators have to do, so the less attention they pay to the system while it’s operating Automation has acted to lower pilots workload for flight phases in which it was already low and increase workload for phases in which it was already high
72
What are design induced errors
All future EASA design efforts especially avionics / automation will be based upon : detectability Recoverability Tolerability
73
What are the 2 types of error systems
Tolerant / protected system: If one error occurs the rest of the flight is protected Vulnerable / unprotected system: 1 error can jeopardise the whole flight and cause other system to fail
74
Is a facial gesture is an example of explicit or implicit communication
Implicit

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