HIGHEST YIELD 2 Flashcards
1
Q
rate limiting step in catecholamine biosynthesis
A
- hydroxylation of tyrosine
2
Q
aldolase B deficiency
A
- Sucrose
3
Q
cataract development in uncontrolled DM
A
- glucose to sorbitol
4
Q
7 y/o M metral retardation vision problem autopsy middle cerebral artery thrombosis old renal infarct
A
- PYRIDOXINE
5
Q
D-glucose and L-glucose
A
- Enantiomers
6
Q
linkage between UREA CYCLE and CITRIC ACID CYCLE
A
- FUMARATE
7
Q
starvation diet for 4 months lost 50lbs
A
- increase ACETOACETIC ACID
8
Q
URINE TEST FOR KETONE does not detect
A
- beta hydroxybutyrate
9
Q
tibial periostoma hematomas
painful gums
A
- ascorbic acid deficiency
10
Q
tropocollagen molecules
A
- collagen
11
Q
6 y/o F pot bellied pale puffy face enlarge tongue
A
- IODINE DEFICIENCY
12
Q
glucose uptake in non exercising muscle GLUT 4
A
- facilitated diffusion
13
Q
inverted P wave after QRS
A
- supra nodal premature contraction coming from the bundle of His
14
Q
sheer stress, increase in REYNOLDS number, TURBULENCE in an arteriole
A
- induction of NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE
15
Q
the primary/largest determinant of arterial pressure gradient during systole
A
- ARTERIOLES
16
Q
INCREASE BP
A
- increase glomerular pressure
- increase peritubular capillary pressure
- decrease filtration fraction
- increase peritubular hydrostatic pressure leading to decrease reabsorption
17
Q
ACEI
A
- will decrease efferent arteriole constriction
18
Q
DKA
A
- removal of HYDROGEN IONS and ABSORPTION OF HCO3 ions in the PROXIMAL TUBULE
19
Q
VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA OF TSAI
A
- DOPAMINE
20
Q
PERIAQUEDACTAL GRAY REGION
A
- enkephalin producing neurons
21
Q
INFERIOR OLIVARY NUCLEUS
A
- AUDITORY SYSTEM
22
Q
NUCLEUS RAPHES MAGNUS
A
- SEROTONIN for suppression of the pain pathways
23
Q
LIMBIC CORTEX
A
- orbitofrontal gyrus
- cingulate gyrus
- parahippocampal gyrus
- subcallosal gyrus
24
Q
damage to THALAMUS will cause
A
-RETROGRADE amnesia
25
body floats during drowning
- 22 hours
26
heart sounds
- S2 has the higher frequency, greater elastic coefficient, longer duration than S1
- S2>S1
27
rheumatic fever most damage valve
- primary MITRAL VALVE
| - secondary AORTIC VALVE
28
ventral respiratory group
- function in both inspiration and expiration
29
GASTRIC SECRETION
- 20% CEPHALIC PHASE
- 70% GASTRIC PHASE
- no such thing as esophageal phase
30
bile acids are conjugated with
- glycine
| - taurine
31
obesity increases
- insulin secretion
32
resting membrane potential, sodium channel configuration
- M gate ACTIVATION GATE close
| - H gate INACTIVATION GATE open
33
calcium binds with
- calmodulin
34
acetycholine transmission
- all autonomic ganglionic synapse
35
SP: AP to void surgeon must give
- M3 agonist to contract the bladder wall and relax urinary sphincter
36
INCREASE AFTERLOAD
- decrease SV
37
a wave
corresponds to right atrial contraction
38
c wave
- corresponds to right ventricular contraction causing the closed tricuspid valve to bulge into the right atrium
39
v wave
- corresponds to the filling of the right atrium during late systole or early diastole during which the tricuspid valve should still be closed
- tricuspid regurgitation
40
Tricuspid insufficiency
- would cause increase in v waves or in more severe cases a c-v wave
41
inspiratory right sided cardiac events
- increase preload
42
during exercise
- decrease TPR
43
loop of henle impermeable to water but permeable to solutes
- ascending limb
44
loop of henle permeable to water but permeable to solutes
- descending limb
45
vomiting
- metabolic alkalosis
46
opsonization
- C3b
47
anaphylactic
- C3a
| - C5a
48
MAC
- Cb5-9
49
surfactant La Place law
- decrease surface tension
50
main site of concentration of urine
- collecting duct
51
main site of secretion and reabsorption
- PCT
52
pyrrole ring
- glycine
53
live attenuated vaccine
- measles
54
alveolar ventilation is proportional to pH
| pH is inverse to
- pCO2
55
most powerful stimulator for increasing RR
- carbon dioxide
56
concentration of carbon dioxide is lowest
- alveoli at the end of expiration
57
cimetidine
- Creatinine clearance exceeds GFR due to creatinine secretion, which can be blocked by cimetidine
58
GFR
urine concentration x urine flow/ plasma concentration
59
above the pons
- medulla
60
saliva has low
- sodium
61
pepsinogen
- chief cells
62
renal osteodystrophy
- INCREASED PTH, DECREASED VIT D
63
increase during menopause
- FSH
64
slow waves fastest
- duodenum
65
anterior pituitary
- FSH
66
posterior pituitary
- vasopressin
67
hypothalamus
- GnRH
68
ovary
- estrogen highest in follicular phase
69
thyroid hormone would increase
- HR
- MAP
- RR
70
secreted by medulla
- epinephrine
71
spematogenesis
- seminiferous tubules
72
testosterone secretion in male
- LH
73
suppression of prolactin
- dopamine
74
arginine vasopressin aka
- ADH
75
oxytocin secreted by
- neurohypophysis
| - paraventricular nuclei
76
somatostatin secreted by
- delta cell
77
primary bile acids
- cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid
78
The'binding'of'oxygen' with'hemoglobin'tends'to' displace'carbon'dioxide' in'the'lungs.'This'is' known'as'the
Haldane'effect'
79
states,that,an,increase,in,blood,CO2 which,in,turn,decreases,blood,pH,, promotes,unloading,of,oxygen,or, decreased,affinity,of,oxygen,for, hemoglobin.,
The,Bohr,effect
80
EDEMA
- INCREASED CAPILLARY HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
81
most'important' factor'in'influencing'the' closure'of'the'ductus' arteriosus'is
- Increase'in'O2'tension'
82
type I motor fiber
- marathon
83
major'urinary'buffer' excreted'during' metabolic'acidosis'is
Ammonia'
84
Tetraethylammonium' (TEA)'is'a'poison'found'in' the'ovaries'of'certain' species'of'puffer'fish
'TEA'blocks'the' potassium'voltage'gated' channels'inhibiting'action' potential'generation'
85
pulmonary edema
'Increased'capillary' hydrostatic'pressure'
86
limits inspiration
- activation of HERING -BREUER REFLEX
| - stretching of the smooth muscle airways
87
Proopiomelanocortin
- ACTH
- MSH
- γ Lipotropin
- β endorphin
88
Major,stimuli,for,aldosterone, production,are,
a,rise,in,angiotensin,II, and,a,rise,in,serum,[K+].
89
The'major'inhibitory' signal'for'aldosterone' release'is
- ANP
90
histamine,
is,the,strongest,agonist,of,H+,secretion,,
91
Phase,0
:,sodium,influx,,depolarization;,
92
Phase,1:
,Early,repolarization,, potassium,efflux;
93
,Phase,2:
,Plateau,, calcium,influx,,continuing,potassium, efflux;,
94
Phase,3:,
Final,repolarization,, potassium,efflux,>,potassium,influx,, decreasing,calcium,influx;
95
,Phase,4:,
Restoration,of,ionic,concentrations,, potassium,influx,very,SLIGHTLY, exceed,potassium,efflux
96
S1
,isovolumic,contraction,,
97
second'heart'sound S2
Isovolumic'relaxation'
98
What'allows'calcium'to' be'stored'at'high' concentrations'inside'the' sarcoplasmic'reticulum
Calsequestrin'
99
D,cells:,
somatostatin;
100
,G,cells
:,gastrin;,
101
ECL,cells Enterochromaffin-like' cells'''
,histamine;
102
,Parietal,cells:
,HCl;
103
ICCs,areI nterstitial'cells'of'Cajal'
, “pacemaker”,cells,that,have, the,capacity,to,generate,the,basic, electrical,rhythm,,or,slow,wave,activity,
104
jejunum
Fats,and,cholesterol,are,released,by, bile,salts,and,reabsorbed,in,the, ,
105
ileum.
.,Bile,salts,are,then,reabsorbed, in,the,,Other,substances,that,are, absorbed,in,the,ileum,include,vitamins, A,,D,,E,,K,and,B12.
106
inspiratory' muscle?
' A.'External'intercostal' muscles'''' B.'Innermost'intercostal' muscles'''' C.'Sternocleidomastoid'''' E.'Serratus'anterior'''
107
expiratory muscles
D.'Serratus'posterior' inferior''''
108
most'common'cause' of'female'infertility?'
Failure'to'ovulate'
109
,inferior,wall
II,,III,,aVF,
110
septal,wall.,
.,V1,,V2
111
anterior,wall.,
V3,,V4
112
lateral,wall.,
V5,, V6
113
'most'potent'naturally' occurring'vasocontrictor' in'the'body?'
Vasopressin'''
114
A'19-year'old'male'was' caught'in'a'gang'war'and' was'hit'in'the'epigastric' area'with'strong'direct' punch.'He'suddenly' developed'hypotension,' bradycardia'and'weak' pulses.
'Vaso-vagal'reflex' stimulation'''
115
The'intrinsic'and' extrinsic'pathways'of'the' coagulation'cascade' converge'at'which'of'the' following'clotting'factor
,factor,X,(Stuart, factor)
116
increased' in'COPD?'
Functional'residual' capacity''''
117
Overcorrection,of,hypernatremia, causes
,cerebral,edema
118
Overcorrection, of,hyponatremia,causes,
central,pontine, myelinolysis.,
119
Diagnosis:,pulmonary,embolism.
,Chest, radiograph,describes,the,Westermark, sign.,Respiratory,alkalosis,secondary,to, hyperventilation,(tachypnea),would,be, expected.,
