Highison: Female Reproductive System

Question 1

• stimulates the growth and development of secondary follicles
• stimulates granulosa cells to convert androgens to estrogen
• stimulates the synthesis of LH receptors on granulosa cells

Answer 1

FSH

Question 2

• triggers primary oocyte to complete meiosis I and enter meiosis
• initiates ovulation
• effects the transformation of remaining granulosa and theca internal cells to luteal cells

Answer 2

LH

Question 3

• maintains the female reproductive tract
• responsible for the secondary sexual characteristics of the female
• responsible for the rebuilding the uterus (proliferative phase) after menses
• increases inhibits FSH [Granulosa cells secrete inhibin, follistatin and activin which also regulate FSH secretion]
• induces a surge in LH levels

Answer 3

estrogen

Question 4

• initiates the conversion from a proliferative uterus to a secretory uterus for implantation
• maintains the uterus in a secretory phase in pregnancy
• inhibits LH production

Answer 4

Progesterone

Question 5

Main components of the ovary of a woman of reproductive age

Answer 5

germinal epithelium
tunica albuginea
cortical region
medullary region

Question 6

Components of the primordial follicle

Answer 6

basal lamina on the outside, squamous follicular or granulosa cells, and primary oocyte within

Question 7

What changes occur when a primordial follicle transitions into a unilayered primary follicle?

Answer 7

The zona pellucida begins to assemble, follicular cells round up

Question 8

What is the zona pellucida produced by?

Answer 8

The primary oocyte

Question 9

What changes occur when a unilayered primary follicle becomes a multilayered primary follicle?

Answer 9

The zona pellucida is assembled, the follicular cells are multilayered, cells of the theca interna form up

Question 10

Follicular cells and the developing egg comunicate through (blank) across the zona pellucida

Answer 10

gap junctions

Question 11

A mechanism operates during the maturation of the follicle to prevent the earlier completion of meiotic (blank) of the primary oocyte surrounded by the zona pellucida.

Answer 11

prophase

Question 12

The mechanism involves the transfer of (blank) from follicular cells to the oocyte through cell processes crossing the zona pellucida and establishing contact with the plasma membrane of the oocyte, via gap junctions.

Answer 12

oocyte maturation inhibitor

Question 13

Just before ovulation, the oocyte activates itself with (blank) to induce completion of meiotic prophase.

Answer 13

maturation promoting factor

Question 14

Completion of meiosis I results in the formation of the first (blank), which is retained in the perivitelline space, and a secondary oocyte.

Answer 14

polar body

Question 15

At fertilization, proteases are released from the cortical granules in a Ca2+ dependent manner. These proteases alter the structural confirmation of the zona pellucida - what does this do?

Answer 15

prevents penetration of the egg by additional sperm

Question 16

The secondary follicle has a (blank) made up of stromal cells continuous with the CT, a (blank) with endocrine cells and blood vessels, a basal lamina, a primary oocyte with a zona pellucida, and Call-Exner Bodies which will form up the antrum.

Answer 16

theca externa, theca interna

Question 17

The initial antrum is formed up by the enlargement of these structures

Answer 17

Call-Exner Bodies

Question 18

A mature or Graafian follicle has a theca externa, a theca interna with lots of blood vessels, a basal lamina, a wide antrum, and a primary oocyte (ovum) covered with what two things?

Answer 18

zona pellucida

corona radiata

Question 19

The primary oocyte (ovum) is suspended in the (blank)

Answer 19

cumulus oophorus

Question 20

In the primary and secondary follicle, follicular cells have (blank) receptors. In the graafiaan follicle, (blank) receptors appear and coexist with FSH receptors. Why is the acquisition of LH receptors essential?

Answer 20

FSH; LH; essential for the lutenization of the ruptured follicle following ovulation

Question 21

What is the major steroid produced by follicular cells under stimulation by FSH? Follicular cells depend on the supply of (blank) by theca interna cells to produce estradiol, because they lack the required enzymes for producing the precursor of estradiol.

Answer 21

estradiol; androstenedione

Question 22

In layman’s terms: Theca interna cells will produce (blank) which cross the basal lamina and are taken up by follicular cells, which convert the androgen to (blank).
So, (blank) on the outside, cross the basal lamina, (blank) on the inside.

Answer 22

androgens; estrogen

androgens; estrogen

Question 23

During ovulation, proteases from fibroblasts - induced by surge of (blank) - degrade collagen fibers of the tunica albuginea and the theca externa. Blood vessels of the (blank) proliferate. The basement membrane breaks down and blood vessels from the (blank) invade the follicular cell layer and fill the antral cavity with blood. The follicular cell layer will begin to fold.

Answer 23

LH; theca interna; theca interna

Question 24

Follicular development depends on (blank) levels. Early in the menstrual cycle, (blank) levels increase. LH stimulates the production of androstenedione by theca interna cells which is transferred to follicular cells for its aromatization into (blank)

Answer 24

FSH; FSH; estrogen

Question 25

Estrogen and FSH stimulate the synthesis of (blank) receptors by follicular cells late in the follicular phase. What stimulates the production of progesterone by follicular cells?

Answer 25

LH; LH

Question 26

In response to LH stimulation, (blank) and (blank) secretion from the rapidly luteinizing follicle increase.

Answer 26

progesterone; estrogen

Question 27

High levels of progesterone and estrogen inhibit (blank) and (blank) secretion. The corpus luteus lasts only a few days in the absence of LH. LH is luteotrophic.

Answer 27

LH; FSH

Question 28

If pregnancy does not occur, luteolysis begins 7 days after ovulation. The production of what three things decreases? Levels of what increase gradually? What begins?

Answer 28

estrogen, progesterone, inhibin; FSH; menstruation

Question 29

When a ruptured follicle becomes the corpus luteum, granulosa cells become granulosa (blank) cells, theca interna forms up theca (blank) cells, and the basement membrane breaks down.

Answer 29

lutein; lutein

Question 30

Following ovulation, the follicular cell layer of the preovulatory follicle becomes folded and is transformed into part of the (blank). A surge in (blank) is correlated with luteinization.

Answer 30

corpus luteum; LH

Question 31

The formation of the corpus luteum: 1. Former antrum filled with fibrin is replaced by (blank) 2. Follicular and granulosa cells enlarge and lipid droplets accumulate. They become (blank) 3. The spaces between the folds of the follicular cell layer are penetrated by theca internal cells, blood vessels, and CT. Theca interna cells enlarge and store lipids and are now (blank)

Answer 31

1. connective tissue and blood vessels 2. follicular/granulosa lutein cells 3. theca lutein cells

Question 32

Theca lutein cells, stimulated by LH, take up (blank) or LDL, or both from blood. This is used for steroidogenesis. The steroid product, androstenedione, is transported where?

Answer 32

cholesterol; follicular lutein cells

Question 33

Follicular lutein cells are under the control of what two things? These cells can store cholesterol taken up from blood and use it for the synthesis of (blank). In addition, these cells use androstenedione (delivered by theca lutein cells) to produce (blank)

Answer 33

FSH and LH; progesterone; estradiol

Question 34

The function of the corpus luteum is regulated by two gonadotropins

Answer 34

FSH, LH

Question 35

FSH stimulates the production of (blank) and (blank) by follicular lutein cells

Answer 35

progesterone; estradiol

Question 36

LH stimulates the production of progesterone and androstenedione by theca lutein cells. Androstenedione is translocated into follicular lutein cells for aromatization into (blank)

Answer 36

estradiol

Question 37

(blank) potentiates the effects of estradiol: the storage and utilization of cholesterol by follicular lutein cells.

Answer 37

prolactin

Question 38

Estradiol stimulates follicular lutein cells to take up (blank) from the blood, which is then stored in lipid droplets and transported to mito for progesterone synthesis.

Answer 38

cholesterol

Question 39

If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum undergoes a process of regression called (blank)

Answer 39

luteolysis

Question 40

Luteolysis: 1. reduction in (blank) within the corpus luteum --> decline in O2 2. T cells reach the corpus luteum, produce (blank), which enable the arrival of macrophages 3. Macrophages produce (blank) and the apoptotic cascade starts

Answer 40

blood flow; interferon-gamma; TNF-a

Question 41

The oviduct: Finger-like processes of the infundibulum which project toward the ovary. Close to ovulation, these become swollen with blood and enlarged. The swelling and the lining epithelium prevent the ovum from falling into the peritoneal cavity.

Answer 41

fimbriae

Question 42

Where does fertilization occur in the oviduct? What can go wrong?

Answer 42

in the ampulla; fertilized egg can implant in the mucosa of the oviduct-->ectopic pregnancy

Question 43

This portion of the oviduct has a thick muscle layer capable of generating rhythmic contractions toward the uterus. This helps to displace the sperm toward the ovum and the fertilized egg toward the uterus.

Answer 43

isthmus

Question 44

4 portions of the oviduct

Answer 44

1. infundibulum 2. ampulla 3. isthmus 4. intramural segment

Question 45

Three layers of the uterine tube. What layer is not present?

Answer 45

mucosa muscularis (IC, OL) serosa NO SUBMUCOSA

Question 46

What two cell types are found in the mucosa of the uterine tube?

Answer 46

ciliated cells; peg cells

Question 47

Ciliated cells have cilia that beat toward the uterus. What is unique about these cells?

Answer 47

They increase in height during the estrogenic phase of the menstrual cycle, reach a max height at ovulation, and decrease in height when progesterone levels are elevated

Question 48

These cells are less numerous than the ciliated cells of the uterine tube. They provide nutrients to the egg during its migrations. They are shorter during the progesterone stage.

Answer 48

Peg cells!

Question 49

Four layers of the uterus

Answer 49

endometrium myometrium (deeper layers contain blood vessels) perimetrium (serosa) adventitia

Question 50

Two portions of the endometrium of the uterus

Answer 50

stratum functionalis | stratum basale

Question 51

The uterine glands and gland cells undergo changes during the menstrual cycle. In the proliferative stage, the glands are (blank) tubules and show (blank) secretory activity. In the initial secretory phase, the glands begin to coil due to the accumulation of (blank). In the late secretory phase, the glands are highly (blank) and their cells present secretory activity at their apical end.

Answer 51

straight; no; glycogen; coiled

Question 52

The functional layer of the endometrium is most affected by what two things?

Answer 52

1. changes in the blood levels of estrogens and progesterone | 2. the blood supply from the spiral arteries

Question 53

What layer of the endometrium is partially or totally lost after menstruation because it is supplied by spiral arteries?

Answer 53

functional layer

Question 54

This layer of the endometrium is not affected by changes in the blood levels of estrogens and progesterone. The blood supply derives from straight (basal) arteries rather than spiral arteries.

Answer 54

basal layer

Question 55

What layer of the endometrium is not lost after menstruation because it is supplied by straight arteries?

Answer 55

basal layer

Question 56

The premenstrual or ischemic stage: 1. periodic contractions of the (blank) artery - triggered by reduction in progesterone - deprive the supply of O2 to the functional layer. 2. a breakdown of the (blank) artery floods the lamina propria with blood 3. the functional layer detaches and sheds into the uterine cavity (MENSES) 4. the basal layer is not affected because (blank) arteries provide independent blood supply to this layer

Answer 56

1. spiral; spiral; basal

Question 57

Does the ischemic stage affect the cervix?

Answer 57

No

Question 58

The squamous/columnar junction is originally situated in the region of the (blank). At puberty, the endocervical epithelium extends distally into the acid environment of the vagina and forms an ectropion. What forms as the squamous epithelium regrows over the ectropion? The openings of the crypts may be obliterated during this process and result in the formation of what?

Answer 58

external os; transformation zone; Nabothian follicles

Question 59

Two components of the cervix

Answer 59

endocervical canal; ectocervix

Question 60

Where do ~95% of cervical intraepithelial neoplasias originate?

Answer 60

within the transformation zone

Question 61

Three layers of the vagina. What layer is not present?

Answer 61

mucosa muscularis adventitia NO SUBMUCOSA

Question 62

What type of epithelium lines the vagina? What is unique about the lamina propria of the vagina?

Answer 62

parakeratinized epithelium; predominant vascular lamina propria

Question 63

Layers of the muscularis of the vagina

Answer 63

IC, OL, bulbospongiosus muscle at the opening

Question 64

The adventitia of the vagina has these two layers

Answer 64

inner elastic, outer vascular

Question 65

The stratified squamous epithelium lining the vagina contains (blank). The vagina contains natural bacteria which produces lactic acid by the breakdown of (blank). Lactic acid creates an acidic coat, prevented the proliferation of bacteria, but not STDs. Antibiotics can destroy the vaginal flora :(

Answer 65

glycogen; glycogen

Question 66

What stimulates the development of the lactiferous ducts?

Answer 66

estrogens

Question 67

What influences the development of the alveolar buds? Under its influence, the old buds regress and disappear.

Answer 67

progesterone

Question 68

What influences the development of lobular alveolar tissue at the ends of the branching lactiferous ducts?

Answer 68

maternal prolactin (and placental lactogen, estrogen, and progesterone)

Question 69

In what quadrant of the breast do the majority of breast carcinomas arise? What percent of breast carcinomas arise in ductal epithelium?

Answer 69

superior lateral quadrant; 90%

Question 70

(blank) stimulates milk release by inducing contraction of myoepithelial cells. (blank) stimulates milk production. Proteins are secreted from mammary alveolar cells via a merocrine mechanism.

Answer 70

oxytocin; prolactin

Question 71

This is produced by plasma cells and transported into the lumen and released into milk to provide passive immunity to a nursing baby

Answer 71

dimeric IgA

Question 72

T/F: Fat and lactose are also produced and released into the lumen from mammary alveolar cells

Answer 72

true

Question 73

What type of epithelium lines the uterine tube? What are the two cell types of the uterine tube? T/F: the uterine tube functions in nourishing spermatozoa?

Answer 73

simple columnar epithelium; ciliated cells, peg cells; true

Question 74

During ovulation, what stage is the uterus in?

Answer 74

late proliferative phase