Histo Block 4 Flashcards
integumentary, endocrine, reproductive and GI (203 cards)
1
Q
Identify
A
- Stratum Corneum
- St. Lucidum
- St. Granulosum
- St. Spinosum
- St. Basale
- Epidermis
2
Q
What are the three key skin layers?
A
Epidermis
- stratified squamous epithelium
- various amount of keratinization
- derived from ectoderm
- maintains thickness via process of desquamation
- cathepsin and calpain
- avascular
Dermis
- dense CT
- mechanical support
- derived from mesoderm
Hypodermis
- variable amounts of adipose
3
Q
Whats another name for St. Basale?
A
St. germinativum
- remains firmly attached to dermis via tonofilaments, hemidesmosomes and desmosomes
- hemidesmosome attaches to tonofilament
4
Q
What cell type is circled here (blue) and where is it located (red arrow)?
A
Melanocyte
- derived from neural crest
- found in St Basale
- no desmosomes
- produce melanin
- eumelanin (brown pigment)
- pheomelanin (red pigment)
- melanin is made via tyrosinase
- tyrosine –> DOPA –> –> Melanin
- regulated by many factors - age, gender, hormones, UV exposure, climate, season …
- donates melanin to surrounding keratinocytes where it goes to nucleus and protects DNA
5
Q
What are the blue arrows pointing to?
A
Melanin that has been released from the melanocytes and is now surrouding the nearby keratinocytes
6
Q
What is circled in this image?
A
A melanocyte that has already donated its melanin.
Note the shrunken nucleus and clear cytoplasm
7
Q
What type of cell is melanin most abundant in?
A
Dividing cells
- melanin granules protects DNA from UV radiaiton
- therefore, in cells that divide more actively, the protection is even more imp
- therefore, highest conc melanin usually in cells more deeply localized
- benign accmulation in mole and nevi
Albinism - lack of melanin; likely due to lack of tyrosinase (enzyme that produces melanin from tyrosine)
8
Q
What condition is this?
A
Leukoderma
- chronic skin condition causing lack of pigment
- results in irregular pale patches of skin
- may be autoimmune
- similar to vitiligo
9
Q
What kind of cell is this?
A
-
mechanoreceptors of the epidermis
- nerve supply of the skin
- abundant in finger tips
- associate to adjacent keratinocytes via desmosomes and neurosecretory granules
- terminal bulb of afferent mylenated nerve fibers
- located in st basale
- cannot ID histologically
MCC = merkel cell carcinoma; assoc with immune dysregulation; polyomavirus assoc w 80% cases
10
Q
What layer is this?
A
St. Spinosum
- cells are beginning to move to upper layers and flatten out
-
incr # tonofilaments and desmosomes
- desmosomes maintain integrity of epidermis
- Membrane coating granules
- surroudned by single mem
- lamellate appearance
- lipid rich material
- skin impermeable to water
- FA Deficiency causes skin to be more permeable to water
- skin impermeable to water
- Vitamin D made here (as well as in Granulosum)
11
Q
Name these parts
A
green - plankophilin
red - plankoglobin
yellow - desmoglein
purple - desmocollin
12
Q
What characterizes this condition?
A
Pemphigus Vulgaris –> desmosomes lose their integrity
- blisters
- deep red
- painful
- mucus membranes
- skin
- wide distribuion
desmoglein gene family members are located on c’some 18
13
Q
What characterizes this condition?
A
Pemphigus Follicularis –> desmosomes losing their integrity
- blisters
- pinkish
- primarily on skin, wide distribution
- pruritic
14
Q
Normal pattern of desmogleins in the skin?
A
DSG1: highest near surface
DSG3: highest near basal layer
15
Q
Normal patterns of desmogleins in the oral mucosa
A
DSG1: lowest at top
- different than pattern of epidermis (opposite actually!)
DSG3: highest at basal layer
- same as pattern of epidermis
16
Q
What is this effect called and what condition is it associated with?
A
“Tombstoning” associated with Pemphigus Vulgaris
17
Q
Nikolsky’s sign
A
see if skin flakes off
twist a pencil eraser against the skin –> if positive, a blister will form in the area ~within minutes
18
Q
Cell type and location
A
Langerhans Cell located in St. Spinosum
- originate in bone marrow
- monocyte precursor
- ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS - intercept, process and present antigens
- antigen processed and displayed on cell surface
- cell migrates to lymphnode and interacts with T helper lymphocyte
does NOT form desmosomes with neighboring keratinocytes!!!
- irregularly shaped nucleus, clear cytoplasm, st. spinosum
19
Q
Describe the water barrier
A
- lipid on outside of plasma membrane
- filagrin protein on inside of plasma membrane
- cross links with tonofilaments
20
Q
Describe this layer
A
St. Granulosum
- has lots of granules
- filaggrin protein
- at top layer, lose organnelles = “keratinization”
- lipid lamellae
- Membrane coating granule fuses with PM
- releases lipid content into intracellular space
-
Vitamin D made here (as well as in Spinosum)
*
21
Q
What layer is this?
A
St. Lucidum
- part of corneum
- only present in thick skin (ie feet)
- clear, translucent layer
- made up of flat keratinocytes
- cells are filled with keratin
- cells lack nuclei and lack typical organelles
- have desmosomes
22
Q
Describe this layer
A
St Corneum
- outermost layer
- protective barrier
- structural stability
- disulfide bonds
- impermeability
- structural stability
- cells LACK: organelles, nuclei
- only have tightly packed tonofilaments
- plasma mem thick b/c inner surface has keratin cross linked with fillagrin
23
Q
Desquamation
A
process of shedding one layer of cells from the skin surface every day
- mediated by proteases – cathepsin and calpain – in a pH dependent manner which degrade desmosomes
24
Q
What type of bonds strengthen the st. corneum?
A
di-sulfide bonds
25
What kind of granules are found in the st. granulosum?
keratohyaline granules
* provide an amorphous protein matrix for binding of **tonophilaments**
26
What are membrane coating granules?
* release lipid which fills intracellular space
* between st granulosum and st spinosum
* **eosinophilic**
27
Epidermal dermal junciton
where the epidermal rete ridge and the dermal papilla interdigitate
28
What are the two layers of the dermis?
1. Papillary dermis
* thin
* loose CT
* contains elastic fibers
* capillaries, nerves
2. Reticular dermis
* thick
* dense, irregular CT "langers lines"
* go along rather than through for less scarring
* bundles of collagen, elastic fibers
* large blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves
* SMC, skeletal muscle
29
Identify this layer
**Papillary dermis**
* thin
* loose CT
* contains elastic fibers
* capillaries, nerves
30
Identify this layer
Reticular dermis
* thick
* dense, irregular CT "langers lines"
* go along rather than through for less scarring
* bundles of collagen, elastic fibers
* large blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves
* SMC, skeletal muscle
31
Name funcitons of the dermis
1. mechanical strength (**collagen)**
2. elasticity (**elastic fibers)**
3. sensory perception (**innervation)**
4. providing nutrients/carrying away waste
5. thermoregulation
32
Why is copper necessary in the body?
Needed for proper funciton of **lysyl oxidase**
* required in crosslinking collagen and elastin
RDA = 1.503mg for males and females
sources: liver, nuts, legume, oysters, shellfish, meats, wholegrain cereals
33
Function of this layer
**Hypodermis**
* subcutaneous layer, deep to reticular layer
* links skin to muscle
* connects ducts and secretory portions of **sweat glands, hair follicles, nerves**
* deposition of fat
* thin layer of skeletal muscle
* SMC of **arrector pilli muscle**
34
Name the sensory receptors of the skin
1. free nerve endings (nocreceptor, thermoreceptor)
2. merkel disc (tactile receptor)
3. peritrichial nerve ending (mechanoreceptor)
mechanoreceptors = mechanical deformation (stretch, touch, vibraiton, pressure)
thermorecepotrs = temp
nocireceptors = pain
35
What is this?
Meissner's corpuscle
* tactile receptor
* fingers, hands, foot, lip, tongue
* small , oval , connective tissue
* encapsulated **unmyelinated nerve ending** in the **dermal papillae**
* Schwann cells form **irregular lamellae** thru which axon lies
36
What is this?
Pacinian corpuscle
* nerve fiber loses myelin sheath and enters wrapping of cells
* concentric lamellae
* schwann cells
* collagen fibrils
* pressure sensitive
37
What are the epidermal derivatives of skin?
* hair follicle
* sebaceous gland
* sweat gland
38
What muscle expels sebum into hair follicle?
arrector pilli muscle
39
formation of hair follicle
* initiated as cells aggregate in basal layer of epidermis
* **dermal papila-** formed by dermal fibroblasts
* matrix cells adjacent to dermal papilla form **"germinal layer"**
* melanocytes present
* stem cells are in lining of follicle
40
what does the extenral root sheath derive from?
stratum basale
41
what is the downgrowth of the epidermis?
external root sheath
42
What layer is the hair follicle found?
Hypodermis
43
What kind of secretion does the sebaceous gland use?
holocrine secretion (in which the plasma membrane ruptures, thereby releasing contents)
44
What kind of cells line the sebaceous gland duct?
stratified squamous epithelial cells
45
What layer do you find the secretory portion of the sebacous gland?
dermis
46
sebum
* oily substance which consists of lipids, triglycerides and cell debris
* lubricates and prevents dryness
47
Identify #3
rete ridges
* downgrowths of the epidermis into the dermal layer
* generate a stronger bond between the epidermis and dermis
* help the skin resist shearing forces.
48
Identify #1, #2, #3
1. Stratum corneum
2. Stratum granulosum
3. Stratum spinosum
49
Identify this structure
**Pacinian corpuscle**
* mechanoreceptor that responds to pressure
* located in **deep dermis** and **hypodermis**
50
Identify this structure (#1)
**Meissner's corpuscle**
* found just deep to the epidermis, within the dermis
* mechanoreceptor (tactile)
51
What is the key distinguishing feature between a late primary follicle and a seoncdary follicle?
Antrum
52
What steroid hormone does the corpus luteum produce?
Progesterone
53
Identify
Primordial follicle
54
Identify
Early primary follice
* note zona pelucida is very thin and not easily visible, but it is present between the layer of follicular cells (1) and the cytoplasm
55
Identify
Late primary follicle
* note that the zona pelucida is much easier to see here than it was in the early primary follicle
* 4N , diploid
56
Identify
Secondary Follicle
* the presence of an antrum (#1) is the key defining feature of the secondary follicle
* can easily zona pellucida
* cumulus cells surround the zona pellucida
* there are many granulosa cells (#2)
* theca interna cells are present (#3)
* 4N
* stratified cuboidal epithelium
57
The cervix is the site of an epithelial transition - what is it?
**The upper cervix (endocervix)** is lined by a simple columnar epithelium that contains mucous-secreting cells
**The lower cervix (ectocervix)** is lined by a stratified squamous epithelium.
The transition point between these two epithelia is known as the **external os.**
58
Tunica Albuginea
connective tissue of the gonads (testes and ovaries)
59
Wolffian ducts
* mesonephric ducts
* degenerate in the female due to the absence of androgens
60
Follicular phase follicles
The **follicular phase** consists of sequential devel of several primordial follicles
1. Primary = unilayered
2. Secondary = multilayered
3. Preantral
4. Antral
5. Preovulatory follicle = "Graffian"
61
Primordial follicles
* simple squamous layer of **granulosa** cells
* small,flattened follicle cells
* large nucleus, prominent nucleolus
62
Primary Follicle
* cuboidal epithelial cells
* no antrum (recall: antrum is a defining feature of a *secondary* follicle)
* zona pellucida initiates assembly; gradually separates primary oocyte from granulosa cells
63
Zona Pellucida
* composed of glycoproteins around the enlarged oocyte
* surrounded by granulosa cells ("corona radiata")
64
Cumulus Oophorus
* the entire mass of granulosa cells and the oocyte
* anchors the primary oocyte to the wall of the follicle so that the oocyte doesnt float freely in the antrum fluid
* nutrient delivery channel to the primary oocyte
65
Corona Radiata
* granulosa cells **surrounding the zona pellucida**
* layer is attached to zona pellucida by zona-penetrating cellular processes
66
Secondary Follicle
* PRESENCE OF ANTRUM
* stratified cuboidal epithelim **("multilayered follicle")**
* theca surrounds follicle
* theca interna = vascularized layer adjacent to basal lamina; supports granulosa cells
* theca externa = fibous cellular layer continuous with the ovarian stroma
67
Identify
Primordial follicle
68
Identify
Primary Follicle
69
What is the green line demarkating?
**Cumulus oophorous**
* cluster of granulosa cells anchoring the primary oocyte to the wall of the follicle
70
Three layers of the walls of the secondary follice
1. Layer of granulosa cells - avascular
* adjacent to the antrum
2. Theca interna
3. Theca externa
71
Identify
**Secondary follicle**
* antrum
* see yellow arrow pointing to the **corona radiata**
* ****can identify as such because the **zona pellucida** is visibly encasing the oocyte
* recall: zona pelluida is easier to see in a secondary follicle because it is better assembled
* "multilayered" indicates that you can see a **stratified cuboidal epithelium**
* primary oocyte (will be primary oocyte until OVULATION at which point it will become a secondary oocyte in response to LH surge)
72
Theca interna secretes...
Androstenedione
* precursor for estrogen synthesis
\*theca interna cells produce **weak androgens :** androstenedione and DHEA
73
atresia
* failure of follicle to ovulate
* degenerate in an apoptotic fashion
74
Glassy membrane
* thick folded basement membrane material
* present in atretic follicles
75
Lutenization
Formation of the corpus luteum
1. lumen is filled with fibrin, which is then replaced by CT and new blood vessels
2. granulosa cells enlarge, **lipid droplets** accumulate in the cytoplasm; they become **granulosa lutein cells**
3. spaces between folds of granulosa cell layer are penetrated by **theca interna cells, blood vessels, CT** ; now called "**theca lutein cells**"
76
What is the effect of estradiol on the granulosa lutein cells?
The granulosa lutein cells are stimulated by **FSH** to produce **progesterone and estradiol**
* make estradiol by using the ndrostene dione from the **theca lutein cells**
* Estradiol stimulates granulosa lutein cells to **_take up cholesterol from the blood_**_;_ this is then stored in the **lipid droplets** and used by the mitochondria to make progesterone
77
Luteolysis
If fertilization does not occur, corpus luteum undergoes process of _regression_; involves apoptosis;
1. reduction of blood flow --\> hypoxia
2. T cells make interferon gamma
3. macrophages arrive, produce tumor necrosis factor ligand
78
characteristics of steroid producing cells visible on TEM
* lipid droplets
* mitochondria with tubular cristae
* abundant SER
79
Corpus Hemorrhagium
* During lutenizaiton, blood flows into former antral space
* fibrin clot is penetrated by newly formed blood vessels , fibroblasts and collagen fibers
80
Identify
Atretic follicle
* see glassy membrane
* also notice the granulosa cells that have detached and "fallen" into the lumen
81
What does the corpus luteum become if not fertilized?
Corpus Albicans
82
What does the corpus hemmorrhagicum become after the oocyte is ovulated?
Corpus luteum
83
What kind of epithelium lines the vagina?
stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium
84
Identify
Corpus Albicans
* the corpus luteum stops producing steroid if there is no fertilization, which causes this white, scar appearance of the corpus albicans
85
Identify
Infundibulum
* at ovarian end of the uterine tube
* has very little smooth muscle layer
* mucosal lining has more branched appearance
* has **fimbrae**
86
Identify
Ampulla
87
Identify
Isthmus
88
General features of the Uterine Tube
Uterine tube progresses from infundibulum --\> ampulla --\> isthmus
* smooth muscle wall of the uterine tube becomes gradually thicker from the infundibulum (ovarian end) to the isthmus (uterine end)
* mucosal lining becomes less folded
* the lumen becomes smaller
* simple columnar epithelium with
* ciliated cells
* secretory (peg) cells
* lamina propria.
The ciliated cells and the smooth muscle **assist in the transport**
The activity of these lining cells is dependent upon estrogen stimulation.
89
The infundibulum is which end of the uterine tube?
Ovarian end
90
The isthmus is at what end of the uterine tube?
Uterine end
91
Identify
**Infundibulum**
at ovarian end of the uterine tube
has very little smooth muscle layer
mucosal lining has more branched appearance
92
Identify
Isthmus
* note lots of smooth muscle, thick
* on the uterine side of the uterine tube
* large lumen but less branching when compared to infundibulum
93
Layers of the endometrium
Functional layer
* partially or totally lost after menstration
Basal Layer
94
Peg cells
nonciliated secretory cells
secretory activity is also stimulated by estrogen
found in the mucosa lining of the oviduct
95
Decidual cells
* hypertrophy of endometrial stromal cells
96
Uterus layers
1. Endometrium
2. Myometrium
3. Adventitia/Serosa
97
Arcuate arteries
* supply the endometrium
* straight segment = basal layer
* coiled segment = functional layer
98
Identify Organ
Corpus luteum
* see granulosa lutein cells (larger, lighter) and theca lutein cells (darker, tigher together)
99
What kind of cells are the arrows pointing to?
Ciliated cells of the uterus
100
What kind of cells are the ones next to the arrows ?
Peg cells
101
Identify 1
Functional layer of the endometrium
SHEDS!!
102
Identify 2
Basal layer of the endometrium - always stays in tact
103
Identify 3
Myometrium of the uterus
104
Identify location and stage
Uterus at the proliferative stage (days 7-14) of the menstural cycle
Estrogen predominates
105
Identify location and stage
Uterus in the early secretory stage of the menstural cycle
Progesterone predominates
106
Identify location and stage
Late secretory stage of the menstural cycle
Progesterone predominates
107
Identify
**Vagina**
identify based on the lining of a **stratified squamous** non keratinized epithelium
108
Identify
Early placenta
* can see two layer
* cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast present
* placental villus
* nucleated cells (therefore blood cells VERY Early on in development)
* see fetal blood vesel within placental villus
109
Identify
Late fetal placenta
110
Identify
Decidual cells - light staining and large
111
Stage of Uterine cycle
proliferative
112
What are straight uterine glands lined with?
simple columnar secretory cells
113
Idenitfy 1
**Os** of the cervix
* cervical opening that leadsinto the cervical canal
* at this point that the mucus-secreting simple columnar epithelium of the cervical canal is replaced by a **stratified squamous, nonkeratinized epithelium** covering the vaginal portion of the cervix
114
Idenitfy 2
Vaginal portion of the cervix
stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium
115
Identify 3
Glands in the cervix
116
Identify 4
Cysts in the cervix (clogged glands)
117
Fetal component of the placenta
* chorionic plate
* embryonic connective tissue
* umbilical blood vessels
* trophoblastic cells
* villi
118
Maternal component of the placenta
* decidua basalis (Derived from the endometrium)
119
Identify 1
Decidual cells (from maternal endometrium)
120
Identify 2
Cytotrophoblast cells of the placenta (from the fetus!)
121
Identify 3
**Fibrinoid**
* formed from decidua basalis (from maternal endometrium) and cytotrophoblasts (from fetus)
* extracellular and **eosinophilic**
122
What are key distinguishing feature between the early and late placenta? (2 features)
1. In the early placenta there are two distinct layers surrounding the placenta villus - synctiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast layers
* in the late placenta most of the cytotrophoblast cells get absorbed int o the synctiotrophoblast layer and there is only one layer of cells around the villus
2. in the early placenta there are nucleated blood cells (because theyre so young they havent had a chance to get rid of their nuc yet)
123
Umbilical arteries carry...
DEOXYGENATED BLOOD
124
Umbilical veins carry...
OXYGENATED BLOOD
125
when do sperm acquire forward motility?
once they have traveled through the epididymus (maturation process occurs)
126
where does capacitation occur?
in the **isthmus** of the oviduct
* recall, the isthmus is the part of the uterine tube closest to the uterus
* thicker, smaller lumen and less folded
127
Where does fertilization occur?
Ampulla of oviduct
128
129
Identify
Striated duct
* note: the striated duct nuclei are pushed toward apex; see **basal infoldings** and cuboidal/columnar epithelium
* **hypoosmotic** saliva via **kallikrein and bicarb**
130
Identify
Striated duct
* hypoosmotic saliva via **kallikrein** and **bicarb**
* **basal infoldings**
131
What kind of cellular apparatus would you expect to find in this location?
Mitochondria
note: in the **striated duct**, nuclei are pushed toward apex (lumen) due to basal infoldings; there should be many many MITOCHONDRIA here!!!
132
Identify 1
Filiform papillae (keratinized)
133
Identify 2
Fungiform papillae (not common in humans)
134
Identify
Circumvalatini papillae
* visible to naked eye
* **not keratinized!!**
* this is where taste pores are
* taste pores are in the **trophs**
* **trophs** on both sides are continuous with lumen so that saliva can get there
* need saliva to get the tastants where they need to be
* note: **lamina propria** is tightly tightly bound!!
135
Identify organ
Parotid duct
* 100% serous glands
* therefore, all basophilic (darkly staining)
* serous glands make proteins
* protein making machinery is dense and stains dark
136
Identify the yellow circled thing
Intercalated duct
* close to acini
* squamous epithelium
* **iso-osmotic saliva**
137
Kallikrein
modifies proteins in saliva; found in **hypo-osmotic saliva** of the **striated duct**
138
Identify the orange thing
Striated duct within the parotid
infolding at basal PM causes increased surface area and more places to put channels
139
Identify organ
Parotid (see lobules)
140
What is the significance of capillaries around striated ducts?
Na/Cl pumps make saliva **hypo-osmotic** to the blood (the striated duct pumps out ions!)
141
Identify
Sub**M**andibular
* **MIXED**
* has both serous and mucous
* lots of striated ducts
142
Identify
Sublingual gland
* has only mucous secreting glands (therefore lightly stained)
* not many intercalated ducts and hardly any striated ducts
143
Identify
Sublingual
* only mucuous secreting glands therefore lightly stained
144
Function of salivary glands
1. protection
2. buffering
3. digestion
4. taste
5. antimicrobial
6. tooth integrity
145
how do you tell serous cell?
it should be dark and intensly stained
in mixed acini, it will form a **demilunne**
146
Identify
serous
147
Where is this?
mixed acini
148
Describe the muscle of the esophagus
1/3 skeletal
2/3 skeletal and smooth
3/3 smooth
149
Glands of von ebner
darkly stained near troph of the taste bud; serous;
want to wash away tastants
150
three types of cells in taste buds
1. sustanticular
2. basal
3. neuroepithelia
151
mucosa
* epithelium
* lamina propria
* muscularis mucoa (interna)
152
muscularis externa
found below submucosa and above advantitia
mixes and propels contents
153
funciton of submucosa
dense, irregular CT with nerves (**enteric nervous system),** blood vessels, glands, lymphatics
154
List the order of layers starting at epithelium and ending in outer longitudinal muscle
* Epithelium
* Lamina propria
* Muscularis mucosa (interna)
* Submucosa
* Muscularis externa
* Inner circular muscle
* Outer longitudinal muscle
155
GALT
gut associated lymphatic tissue
156
Identify ORGAN
this must be the esophagus becuase **serum mucus glands** disappear in the cardiac stomach
157
Identify
Esophagus (not vagina!!) because glands and muscularis interna
158
Identify
fundic stomach because glands \>pits
159
Where might this be?
This is at the base of a gland in the fundic stomach; know it is at the base of the gland because all of that dark staining cells are chief cells (chief cells stain dark). Can also see a few parietal cells here and there, which stain pink! There can be a few parietal cells, but mainly at the bottom of a gland are chief cells
**Chief cells** secrete **pepsinogen and gastric lipase**
**Parital cells** secrete **HCl and Intrinsic factor** (B12, if none then **percocious anemia**)
160
Identify 1
Goblet cell of the small intestine
161
Identify 2
plasma cell
162
Identify 3
absorptive enterocyte
163
Identify 5
lamina propria side with lacteal or blood vessel
164
Identify 4
food side
165
Identify this structure
Plica circularies
* mucosa and submucosa
* increase in SA reflects the absorptive function of the small intestine
166
Identify
SMALL INTESTINE
inner circular muscle (top)
myentero plexus ("Aubach")
outer longitudinal muscle
167
Identify
* this is at the bottom of a gland in the jejunum
* panneth cell - secrete antimicrobials to protect the jejunum
* they protect and fuel stem cells
* argnine rich , glycoproteins, **lysozyme** (which increases the permeability of bacterial cell membranes) , **antimicrobial peptides**
168
Identify
Illeum
notice the peyers patches = may lymphatic nodules massed together
169
What portion is shaded in?
Central lacteal
note: you are looking at an intestinal microvilli
170
When you notice tons and tons of seromucous glands, what part of the intestine should you think of?
Duodenum
* **b**runners glands
* **B**asic **B**icarb
* crypts of lieberkuhn
171
identify
**p**yloric stomach
**pits** are continuous with glands
Pits\>glands
172
Identify
Inactive mammary gland
173
Identify
Active mammary gland
174
Balbiani bodies
in the primordial follicle
have golgi, ER , vesicles, mitochondria and lysosomes
175
what are some features of the priomoridal follicle
balbiani bodies
annulate lamellae
176
Identify layers from left to right
this image is from a secondary follicle
theca interna are large frothy looking cells with lipid droplets and mitochondria inside
177
what kind of cells are in oviduct?
ciliated cells
peg cells
178
what hormone do the ciliated cells of the oviduct depend on?
estrogen! ciliogenesis is estrogen dependent
179
how does progesterone prepare the uterus for implantation?
1. development and proliferation of spiral arteries
2. development of secretory glands
3. decrease SMC contraction
180
what factors contribute to ovulation
* Incr vol, incr pressure of follicular fluid
* Breakdown of follicular wall
* Addition of **glycosaminoglycans** between the granulosa and oocyte
* **Contraction** of smc in theca interna (vascularized)
181
secretory
coiled
182
proliferative
straight
183
Identify
day 7-14, proliferative phase (estrogenic)
184
Identify
menstrual stage 0-7
185
Identify
Early secretory phase
186
Identify
Uterus, late secretory phase 14-28 (closer to 28)
187
Identify
corpus luteum (See theca lutein cells in center and granulosa lutein lighter)
188
Identify
proliferative stage (straight! estrogenic)
189
Identify
Early secretory (progesterone)
14-28
190
Identify
Late secretory
14-28
progesterone
191
Identify
decidua basalis - light staining and large
mom side of placenta
192
Identify 1
decidual cells of the placenta
193
Identify 2
fibrinoid of the placenta
194
Identify 3
cytotrophoblast of the placenta
195
What stimulates the cortical granules to release?
once sperm fuses with egg
196
What allows the change of the zona pellucida that blocks polyspermy?
the **cortical reaction,** which releases enzymes
197
What is the next step after the egg completes the second meiotic division?
The egg is now a secondary oocyte, the egg and sperm pronuclei fuse!! Once they fuse, you can have the first mitotic division of the zygote.
198
chorion frondosum
* faces decidua basalis (moms component of placenta)
* chroionci plate and villi derived from cytotrophoblastic shell
* the villi give it the name "bushy"
199
hofbauer cell
**fetal macrophage**
control of water content, transfer of ions, placental development!! importnat component of fetal villi within the placenta
200
what regulates the pressure at which maternal blood enters intervillous space in placenta?
the cytotrophoblast shell
201
Identify
early placenta
(notice the nucleated red blood cells in the villus )
202
Identify 1
**chorion frondosum**
this is the fetal side of the placenta
203
Identify 2
Decidua basalis/ endometrium
this is mom's side of the placenta
