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Block 4: Endocrinology > liver gall bladder pancreas history > Flashcards

liver gall bladder pancreas history Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

what are some compounds the liver makes

A
  • albumin
  • prothrombin
  • fibrinogen
  • lipoproteins
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2
Q

what hormone does the liver make?

A

insulin like growth factor

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3
Q

is the connective tissue of liver visible in humans?

A

not really, CT is very thin; the only time it would be visible is during pathology –> especially fibrosis

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4
Q

sinusoid

A
  • discontinuous capillary in liver (also in spleen and bone marrow)
  • huge openings to pass material
  • have fenestrae but are not fenestrated because no continuous basal lamina
  • supported by reticular fibers
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5
Q

hepatocytes

A
  • liver cells surrounded by sinusoids
  • long lived
  • can regenerate!
  • supported by reticular fibers
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6
Q

SER of liver

A
  • has enzymes that are important for carb metabolism
  • also for detoxification of barbituates, steroids, alcohol
  • role in synthesis of lipproteins, cholesterol, bile salts and VLDL
  • site of the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)
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7
Q

role of RER in liver

A
  • make plasma protiens
  • make albumin, lipoproteins (VLDL and LDL)
  • makes glycoproteins = transferrin, prothrombin, fibrinogen, non-immune globulins
  • alpha 2 globulin = angiotensinogen
  • ADH pathway
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8
Q

albumin

A
  • contributes to colloid osmotic pressure of plasma
  • transports FA, thyroid hormones, steroid hormones, substances not soluble in plasma
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9
Q

fxn golgi

A
  • glycosylation of secretory proteins
  • sorting of lysosomal enzymes
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10
Q

space of disse

A

separates the hepatocyte plates (“plates of cells” from the blood sinusoidal space)

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11
Q

what does a decrease of liver albumin (during liver disease) cause?

A

because albumin contributes to the maintenance of plasma oncotic pressure (“colloid osmotic”), a decr in albumin during liver failure would cause edema and ascitis

(there are not enough proteins in the blood so water flows into interstitial space )

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12
Q

how can you distinguish SER in liver?

A
  • the SER in liver is notable for clusters of glycogen molecules (PAS stain!) which represents the glucose reserve for maintenance of blood sugar
    • [note that glycogen is also stored in muscle]
  • SER also involved in detox
    • ​enzymes that detoxify drugs are in mem of SER
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13
Q

Identify

A

Gilsson’s capsule

trichrome stain shows the CT capsule

note that some CT goes through liver parenchyma

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14
Q

portal lobule

A

describes bile flow

“triangle” that describes the part that secretes bile that drains into the protal triad

  • central vein at corner
  • portal triad at center
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15
Q

hepatic acinus (portal acinus)

A

smallest fxnal unit in parenchyma of liver

end of long axis is central vein

end of short axis is portal triad

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16
Q

what types of collagen is contained in space of disse

A

I, III and IV

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17
Q

Kupffer cell

A

macrophage of liver

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18
Q

where does side chain cleavage for steroid hormone synthesis take place?

A

mitochondria

.

cholesterol–>pregnenolone via cholesterol desmolase

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19
Q

how does rer stain

A

basophilic

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20
Q

where are the enzymes involved in making steroid hormones, and those synthesizing and breaking down glycogen found ?

A

smooth endoplasmic retigulum

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21
Q

Identify

A

Lysosome

  • hydrolyic enzymes formed in RER and are found here
  • enzymes have termianl mannose-6-phosphate group that marks the m to be packaged in lysosomes
  • primary lysosomes are homogenous with electron dense contents
  • has a proton pump to maintain acidic interior

block 4 specific info: lysosomes release the enzyme that is responsible for break down of bone during remodeling (by osteoclasts)

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22
Q

Identify

A

Peroxisome

  • site of beta oxidation of LCFA (in addition to mitochondria)
  • degrade hydrogen peroxide, a product of oxidative rxns
  • Generate H2O2 = oxidase
  • Break down H2O2 = catalase
  • Synthesize cholesterol, plaminogens
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23
Q

What is outlined in red?

A

SER

site of synthesis and breakdown as needed of glycogen

note that the red arrow is pointing to glycogen shown as cluster of indv particles

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24
Q

catalase

A

enzyme found in peroxisomes that breaks down H2O2 into oxygen and water

this is breaking downt the hydrogen peroxide that was generated by oxidases in the peroxisome

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25
oxidase
enzyme found in peroxisome that produces H2O2 (this H2O2 is then broken down by catalase)
26
what important feature does the bile canaliculus have and why
tight juncitons to prevent bile from going anywhere its not suppposed to be
27
hemosiderin
insoluble metabolism and storage of iron composed of some ferritin breakdown stuff? stored in lysosomes in hepatocytes
28
Identify
Peroxisome * catalase --\> break down H2O2 * oxidase --\> produce H2O2 * Beta oxidation of LCFA
29
30
what is another way you can know you are looking at a peroxisome
has a line in the center of the cell; looks like a singular band
31
where is acetaldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme located?
mitochondria
32
glucuronyl transferase
attaches glucuronic acid to free bilirubin, which creates **conjugagetd bilirubin;** makes the bilirubin more water soluble error/deficiency of enzyme --\> elevated *unconjugated* bilirubin --\> mild hyperbilirubinemia, "Gilbert's Syndrome" defect in UDP glucuronyl transferase system --\> severe elevated unconjugated bilirubin --\> bilirubin encephalopathy --\> Crigler-Najjar disease
33
ectoenzyme
enzyme associated with the plasma membrane
34
name the four bile acids
* cholic acid * chenodeoxycholic acid * deoxycholic acid * lithocholic acid
35
Is bilirubin absorbed in the intestine?
No, it is reduced by bacteria to urobilinogen, which is partially secreted in feces and partially returned to liver
36
space of disse contents
perisinusoidal space contains **microvilli of hepatocyte,** **Ito cells** (Stellate cells)
37
What happens to the cell at the tip of the red arrow in disease states?
Ito cell/stellate cell sitting in the space of disse * during disease states **differentiates into a myofibroblasts** * **​**causes the fibroblast to make ECM fibers * liver fibrosis * store vit A and are normally quiescent
38
Identify 1
microvillus brushboarder
39
Identify 2
sinusoid lumen
40
Identify 3
RBC in sinusoid lumen
41
Identify 4
Space of Dissa
42
what cells secrete lysozyme?
paneth cell does this to increase the permeability of the bacteria cell membrane (also secrete TNF alpha - produced in response to infectious agent and tissue injry- as well as Defensins)
43
lysosyme
an enzyme that catalyzes the destruction of the cell walls of certain bacteria
44
mucosa of GB
tree like appearance
45
Identify
Islet of langerhans serous secreting Pancreas
46
Identify
Acinar cells of the pancreas * easily identified by the zymogen granules at the apical end * recall that these are among the most polarized cells
47
Identify
Centroacinar cells * in pancreas * stimulated by **secretin** to produce **bicarbonate** * **​**another way to neutralize chyme (the other is brunner's glands) * "intercalated duct cells trapped within an acinus"
48
Identify
Centroacinar cells of the pancreas (stimulated by **secretin** to release **bicarbonate)**
49
where is this
duodenum b/c can see brunner's glands
50
striated ducts
basal infoldings with sodium channels allows for concentataion/ pumping of sodium ions out not present in pancreas
51
somatostatin
made by D cells, inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion
52
pancreatic polypeptide
inhibit the exocrine pancreas (aka prevents proenzyme and bicarb release)
53
most endocrine organs have which type of capillaries?
fenestrated
54
what kind of capillaries in islets of langerhans
fenestrated capillaries - it is an **endocrine organ**
55
role of pancreatic stellate cells in carcinogenisis
stellate cell / ito cell - stores vit a can be very active , secreting MMPs and TIMPs, proliferation and ECM deposition --\> tumor desmoplasia, angiogenesis, and tumor invasion
56
describe bile acid absorption
* absorption of bile acids occurs in the enterocyte * APICAL sodiium **dependent** transporter * BASOLATERAL sodium **independent** anion exchanger note- bilirubin is not absorbed in the intestine
57
what is the effect of cholinergic drug admin or CCK or secretin admin on flow of pancreatic fluid
causes incr in flow as secretion rate increases, pH of *ductal fluid* increases
58
where is secretin made
duodenum S cells
59
what kind of epithelium lines the bile duct ?
cuboidal
60
Identify #1
Kupffer cells ("macrophages of the liver) in sinusoids (discontinuosu capillaries found in liver, spleen and bone marrow)
61
chromaffin cells
adrenal medulla cells ; catecholamine
62
relaxation of smooth muscle requires
myosin light chain phosphatase
63
what is the short term storage of glucose
glycogen
64
what is the long temr resevoir of glucose/fat/aa
triglycerides
65
POMC/CART
anorexigenic
66
NPY/AgRP
orexigenic = appetite stimulating
67
Peptide YY
satiety signal released with GLP-1 from L cells of intestine stimulates anorexigenic pathway (POMC/CART) and inhibits orexigenic pathway (NPY/AgRP)
68

Block 4: Endocrinology (4 decks)

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