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Histology Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Skeletal muscle structure

A

Myofibres arranged in fascicles

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2
Q

Connective tissue in skeletal muscle

A

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

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3
Q

Basement membrane in skeletal muscle

A

Surrounds individual myofibres
Collage, glycoproteins and proteoglycans

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4
Q

Role of basement membrane in skeletal muscle

A

Tensile strength, regeneration and development

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5
Q

Myotendinous junction

A

Transmits force of muscle contraction the the tendon

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6
Q

Skeletal muscle innervation

A

Each fibre innervated by one nerve, with cell bodies in anterior horn of spinal cord or brainstem

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7
Q

Motor unit

A

One neuron innervated multiple muscle fibres

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8
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Synapse- rapid transmission of depolarising impulse
ACh binds post-synaptic AChR

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9
Q

Role of proprioception

A

Length and tensiom

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10
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Encapsulated intrafusal fibres
Mediate stretch reflexes and proprioception

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11
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

Tension

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12
Q

Control of skeletal muscle

A

Primary motor cortex
Basal ganglia/ cerebellar systems
Dessucation of Corticospinal tract in medulla
Anterior horn cell
LMN
Neuromuscular junction

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13
Q

Muscle control is

A

Somatotopic
Contalateral

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14
Q

Studying skeletal muscle

A

Muscle biopsy
Requires the use of frozen sections and good orientation
Electron microscopy
Molecular tests

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15
Q

Muscle fibre types

A

Slow twitch
Fast twitch

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16
Q

Slow twitch muscle fibres

A

Type 1
Oxidative
Fatigue resistant

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17
Q

Slow twitch muscle fibres stain ….

A

Red

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18
Q

Fast twitch muscle fibres

A

Fatigue rapidly but generate a large peak of muscle tension
2A- glycolytic and oxidative
2B- glycolytic

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19
Q

Colour of 2A fast twitch muscle fibres

A

Intermediate - pink

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20
Q

Colour of 2B fast twitch muscle fibres

A

White

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21
Q

Motor unit

A

Lower motor neurone and the fibres it innervates
Neurone and its fibres the same type
Fibre type dependent on neuron
Size of motor unit varies between muscles

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22
Q

What causes fibre atrophy (shrinks)

A

Loss of innervation of motor units

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23
Q

What allows reinnervation of a motor unit

Study These Flashcards
A

Collateral sprouting from adjacent motor units- larger motor units form (can be detected electrophysiologically)
Conversion of fibres results in fibre type grouping

24
Q

Fibre type grouping

Study These Flashcards
A

Conversion of fibres resulting in larger motor units with same fibre type following reinnervation

25
Sarcomere
Basic unit of contraction Repeating arrangement of think (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments
26
Other proteins at the Z-line of a sarcomere
Alpha-actinin Titin Nebulin Desmin
27
Role of desmin
Links myofibrils to each other and the sarcolemma
28
What is linked to actin
Troponin and tropomyosin complex- calcium regulation
29
A band
Both actin and myosin
30
I band
Only actin
31
H band
Only myosin
32
Z disc
Attachment of actin
33
M line
Attachment for myosin
34
Sliding filament theory
Myosin heads bind to actin Binding of ATP allows release and hydrolysis to ADO allows movement of myosin head ADP released during power trike Initiated by increased cytosolic Ca2+
35
Creatine phosphate
Short term energy storage CP replenished by creatine kinase
36
What cause creatine kinase to be released
Muscle fibre damage
37
What is used to measure damage of muscle tissue
Serum CK (creatine kinase)
38
Mitochondrial cytopathies
Ragged red fibres Electron transport chain deficits- cytochrome oxidase negative fibres Abnormal mitochondrial morphology Gene defects
39
Dystrophin
A large protein encoded by a 2.4million base pair gene on Xp21 Confers stability to the muscle cell membrane
40
Cause of duchenne dystrophy
Deletion of dystrophin gene resulting in disruption of the reading frame No production of dystrophin
41
Dystrophies
Genetically determined, destructive and mainly progressive disorders of muscle
42
Neuromuscular transmission
Nerve impulse results in the release of ACh from synaptic vesicles ACh binds to its receptor Cation entry results in depolarisation - end-plate potential Action potential travels across the cell membrane and into the T-tubule system Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum leading to activation of contraction Dissociated ACh is hydrolysed by acetyl cholinesterase in the NMJ
43
Transmembrane proteins important in stability of sarcolemma
5 sarcoglycans Dystroglycan
44
Role of transmembrane proteins in sarcolemma
Links merosin through sarcolemma to dystrophin and then to actin
45
Causes of Becker’s dystrophy
In-frame deletion results in a truncated product Milder phenotype than duchenne dystrophy Still produce some normal structure and some dystrophin
46
Which neurotransmitter involved in NMJ
Acetyl choline
47
Myasthenia gravis
Variable weakness Progressive with sustained effort Eye signs- ptosis Autoimmune disease Anti-AChR antibodies resulting in a reduction in ACh receptors Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors can improve muscle function
48
What is responsible for myelination of PNS nerves
Schwann cells
49
Nodes of ranvier
Lie between adjacent myelin segments Where depolarisation of membrane occurs
50
Neuronopathies
Damage to motor or sensory neurons
51
Axonopathies
Damage to acins
52
Demyelination
Selective damage to myelin sheaths
53
Axonal degeneration / regeneration – Wallerian degeneration
Injury to axon – distal fragmentation Globules of myelin and axon debris form, initially within Schwann cell Axonal sprouts form from proximal part of damaged axon and grow along columns of proliferating Schwann cells Regenerated axons can remyelinate
54
Demyelination results from
Injuries primarily to Schwann cell or myelin sheath Demyelination segmental Demyelination results in functional impairment with slowing of conduction velocity
55
Remyelination
Begins with a thin myelin sheath Shorter than original Slower conduction

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