Neuroanatomy Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
CNS
A
Brain and spinal cord
2
Q
Grey matter
A
Neurones and processes
3
Q
How is the cortex folded
A
Into gyri and sulci
4
Q
White matter
A
Myelinated axons
5
Q
3 large fibre tracts
A
Association fibres
Commissural fibres
Projection fibres
6
Q
Association fibres
A
Remain within one hemisphere
7
Q
Commissural fibres
A
2 sets
Cross between the 2 hemispheres
8
Q
2 sets of Commissural fibres
A
Anterior commisure
Corpus callosum
9
Q
Projection fibres
A
Move up and down brain (brain <—> brain stem)
Internal capsules
10
Q
4 main lobes of cerebrum
A
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
11
Q
Functions of the Insula
A
Disgust, emotion, homeostasis, perception, motor control, self-awareness, cognitive functioning and interpersonal experience
12
Q
Damage to the cerebellum causes
A
Damage causes dysdiadokokinesia, ataxia, nystagmus of eyes, intention tremor, slurring of speech, heel-shin test positive (DANISH)
13
Q
4 key elements of blood brain barrier
A
Endothelial cell tight junctions
Lack of basement membrane fenestrations
Astrocytes end feet
Pericytes
14
Q
2 blood supplies of the brain
A
Internal carotid arteries
Vertebral arteries
15
Q
Anterior circulation is supplied by
A
Internal carotid artery
16
Q
Posterior circulation is supplied by
A
Vertebral arteries
17
Q
What are the branches off the basilar artery called
A
Pontine arteries
18
Q
Most common territory to be affected by a stroke
A
Middle cerebral artery- break off atherosclerosis from bifurcation of common carotid
19
Q
Why is the circle of Willis useful
A
Collateral blood supply- still perfuse tissues if one artery blocked via other arteries
20
Q
Hypertension and pons
A
Pontine arteries are particularly susceptible to damage as supplied by high pressure basilar artery
Susceptible to haemorrhaging
21
Q
Posterior cerebral artery supplies
A
Occipital lobe
22
Q
Middle cerebral artery supplies
A
Lateral parts of frontal lobe, parietal lobe and temporal lobes
23
Q
Anterior cerebral artery supplies
A
Medial and superior part of frontal and parietal lobe
24
Q
Watershed regions
A
Areas of the brain particularly susceptible to cell death/ hypoxic ischaemia as furtherest away from arteries supplying brain
25
Which sinus connects the dural sinuses to the internal jugular vein
Sigmoid sinus
26
Ventricular system
Lateral ventricles
Interventricular Foramen
3rd ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
4th ventricle
27
3 pathways of CSF drainage from 4th ventricle
Median aperture of magendie
Lateral apertures of luschka
Central canal
28
Which cells line the ventricles
Ependymal cells
29
Ependymal cells
Line ventricles
Cilia
30
Choroid plexus
Site of CSF production
31
Interstitial fluid drainage
CSF via perivascukar channels
32
How is CSF reabsorbed
Arachnoid granulations
Peripheral nerves to lymphatics
Nasal mucosa lymphatics deep cervical lymph nodes
33
Anterior brainstem- olives
Communicate with the cerebellum
34
Anterior brainstem- decussation of pyramids
Swapping of axonal fibres
35
Medulla include
Olive
Pyramid
36
What divides the medulla and pons
Bulbopontine sulcus
37
Peduncles
White matter fibres
38
What attaches pons to cerebellum
Middle cerebellar peduncles
39
Crus cerebri
Connects midbrain to cerebrum
Cerebral peduncles
40
Rhomboid fossa
Floor of 4th ventricle
41
Dorsal columns
Vibration sense
Joint position sense- regulate movement
42
Division of dorsal columns
Fasciculus cuneatus
Fasciculus gracilis
43
Fasciculus gracilis
Carry nerve fibres from legs
44
Fasciculus cuneatus
Nerve fibres from the arms
45
Superior colliculus
Visual sensory area
46
Inferior colliculus
Auditory nucleus
47
What carries information from the midbrain to thalamus
Superior and inferior brachium
48
How is the midbrain divided
Tectum
Tegmentum
49
What divides the tectum and tegmentum of midbrain
Cerebral aqueduct
50
Substantia nigra function
Generating dopamine
Initiating movement- damaged in Parkinson’s
51
Neuromelanin in substantia nigra
By-product of producing dopamine
Stains reddish-brown colour
52
Pyramids
Carry movement information through medulla
53
Inferior olivary nuclei
Main input to cerebellum
Found in rostral medulla
54
What causes the pons to bulge
Pontocerebellar fibres
55
Folia
Folds in cerebellum
56
Fissures
Gaps in cerebellum
57
Fissures in cerebellum
Primary fissure
horizontal fissure
58
Main nucleus in cerebellum
Dentate nucleus
59
3 parts of cerebellum
Archicerebellum- floculonodular lobe
Paleocerebellum- vermis
Neocerebellum- cerebellar hemispheres
60
Floculonodular lobe
Balance
Connected to vestibular nuclei and reticular nuclei
61
Paleocerbellum - vermis
Muscle tone and posture
Afferent: dorsal spinocerebellar tracts via inf cerebellar peduncle and ventral SC tract via superior CP
Efferent: Globose and emboliform nuclei to red nucleus to rubrospinal tract
62
Neocerebellum- cerebellar hemispheres
more fancy movements, coordination, muscle tone
Afferent: Cerebral cortex to pontocerebellar fibres (decussate) via MCP
Efferent: Purks to dentate to red nucleus & ventral thalamus via SCP
63
Cerebellar granule cells
Form 90% of cerebellar cortex
Send axons into folium
64
Cerebellar purkinje cells
Send dendrites into folium
65
Output from granule cells goes to
Cerebellar nuclei - mostly Dentate nucleus
66
Formix
Output pathway of hippocampus
Synapses at mammillary bodies
67
Lambic system and the papez circuit function
Memory
Motivation
Emotion
Fight or flight
68
Limbic system and papez circuit contains
Cingulate gyrus (gyrus immediately above corpus callosum)
Anterior nucleus of Thalamus
Hippocampus
Formix
Mammillary bodies
69
Function of hippocampus
Formation of new memories
70
Internal capsule
Projection system in diencephalon
71
Commisures system
Connects 2 hemispheres of brain
72
3 main groups of nuclei in thalamus
Sensory relays
Cerebellar and basal ganglia relays to motor frontal frontal lobe
Connected to associative and limbic areas of cerebral cortex
73
Function of thalamus
Planning of movement
74
Damage to thalamus
Causes loss of sensation, pain or movement disorders
75
Lateral geniculate nucleus in thalamus
First synapse of optic nerve
76
Basal ganglia
Deep grey structures in brain that aren’t the thalamus
77
Basal ganglia includes
Putamen
Caudate nucleus
Internal capsule
Amygdala
78
Inputs to hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Circulating blood (physical, chemical and hormonal state)
Amygdala
Nucleus solitarius (autonomic nervous system)
Brainstem monoaminergic nuclei
Thalamus
Brainstem reticular formation
79
Outputs of hypothalamus
Pituitary (hormones and homeostasis)
Autonomic NS (internal organ control)
Reticular formation (wakefulness/ sleep)
Thalamus (orbitofrontal cortex)+ limbic system —> nucleus accumbens (motor behaviour)
80
Striatum
cluster of interconnected nuclei that form a part of the basal ganglia. It is involved in decision making functions, such as motor control, emotion, habit formation, and reward
81
Pathways of the basal ganglia
Direct and indirect
82
Direct pathway of basal ganglia
Substantia nigra -initiates movement
83
Indirect pathway of basal ganglia
Inhibits movement
84
Septum pellucidum
separates the frontal horns and body of the ventricle in the midline. The septum pellucidum is attached superiorly to the body of the corpus callosum and anteriorly to the genu of the corpus callosum
85
Inferior frontal gyrus
Contains Broca’s area
86
Role of mammillary bodies
Formation and retaining new memories
87
Nucleolus bizzares
Drives cognition- produces ACh
Damaged in Alzheimer’s
88
Pulvinar
Posterior part of thalamus
Important in visual processing
89
Where does the spinal cord end
L1
90
Spinal cord coverings
Same as brain: dura, arachnoid, pia
91
Function of ventral horns
Motor- LMN
92
Function of dorsal horns
Sensory structure
93
Dorsal columns
Joint position and sensation sense
94
Dorsal root ganglion
Sensory neurons- not in spinal cord
95
Spinothalamic tract
Sensory ascending fibres
Crude touch
Pain
Temperature
96
How does the amount of white matter change in the spinal cord
Decreases cervical —>sacral
97
Anterolateral cordotomy
Now usually done percutaneously
For treatment of intractable pain.
Side effects include sleep apnoea due to reticulospinal tract damage
98
Why is there less grey matter in thoracic part of spinal cord
Less complex motion in trunk than hands/feets/arms/legs
99
Lateral corticospinal tract
Descending tracts
Come from the pyramids
Motor fibres from UMN to LMN in spinal cord
100
Dorsal column- medial lemniscus pathway
Vibration
Joint position
101
Spinothalamic tract pathway
Fibres come in
Synapse
Cross tract
Ascend into brain
102
Dorsal column- medial lemniscus
pathway
Fibres go in and ascend
Synapse in medulla
Cross then ascend into brain
103
Corticospinal (pyramidal) tract pathway
Movement
Descending fibres
Motor cortex
Through crus cerebri —> pons —> pyramids of medulla (cross in medulla)- decussation of pyramids
UMN
LMN
104
Dorsal root
Afferent - sensory
105
Ventral root
Efferent - motor
106
Medulla
Contains tracts carrying signals between the rest of the brain and the body
Contains caudal part of the reticular formation
107
Caudal part of reticular formation
Low level sensorimotor control eg balance
Involved in variety of vital functions =
sleep/wakefullness
Motor plant: movement, maintenance of muscle tone
Various cardiac, circulatory, respiratory , excretory reflexes
108
Pons
Relay from cortex and midbrain to cerebellum
Contains millions neuronal fibres
Pontine reticular formation (pattern generators) eg for walking
109
Pontine reticular formation
Pattern generators eg for walking
110
Tectum of midbrain
Visual/spatial and auditory frequency maps
111
Superior colliculus
Sensitive to sensory change- orienting / defensive movements
112
Inferior colliculus
Sensitive to sensory change- auditory events
113
3 substances of tegmentum
Periaqueductal gray
Red nucleus
Substantia nigra
114
Periaqueductal gray
Role in defensive behaviour
Role in pain (ascending and descending signals)
Roles in reproduction
115
Red nucleus
Target of cortex and cerebellum projects to spinal cord
Role in pre-cortical motor control (especially arms and legs)
116
Substantia nigra
Part of basal ganglia
Substantia nigra pars compacta (dopamine cells)- basal ganglia input…… Parkinson’s disease
Substantia nigra pars reticulata - basal ganglia output
117
Diencephalon: thalamus
Specific nuclei: relay signals to cortex/limbic system for all sensations BUT smell
Non-specific nuclei: role in regulating state of sleep and wakefulness and levels of arousal
Important relays from basal ganglia and cerebellum back to cortex
118
Hypothalamus
Regulates the pituitary gland which regulates hormonal secretion: interface between brain and hormones
Role in hormonal control of motivated behaviour including hunger, thirst, temperature, pain, pleasure and sex
119
Subcortical portions
Basal ganglia
Limbic system
120
Basal ganglia
Group of structures- loop organisation
Thought to be involved in motor function, action selection and reinforcement learning
121
Limbic system
Involved in emotion, motivation and emotional association with memory
Influences the formation of memory by integrating emotional states with stored memories of physical sensations
122
Limbic system contains
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Fornix
Cingulate gyrus
Septum
Mammillary body
123
Amygdala
Involved in associating sensory stimuli with emotional impact
124
Mammillary body
Breast shaped Important for the formation of recollective memory – amnesia
125
Septum
Involved in defense and aggression
126
Fornix
C-shaped bundle of fibres
Carries signals from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies and septal nucleus
127
Hippocampus
Involved in memory (long term)
Involved in spatial memory
128
Cingulate gyrus
Linking behavioural outcomes to motivation and autonomic control – atrophied in schizophrenia
129
Frontal lobe- precentral gyrus
Contain the precentral gyrus from which motor instructions (particularly for fine motor control) that are sent to muscles controlling hands and feet.
130
Primary motor cortex
contains many of the cells giving origin to the descending motor pathways - it is involved in the initiation of voluntary movements
131
Premotor and supplementary motor areas
higher level motor plans and initiation of voluntary movements.
132
Functions of frontal lobe
Involved in - i.e. lesions disrupt….
•“Executive" planning – generating models of the consequences of actions
• Judgmental roles
• Emotional modulation
•Working memory: short-term information (rather than long-term factual data)
•Control of behavior that depends upon context or setting
•Prefrontal cortex: generating sophisticated behavioural options that are mindful of consequences
133
Primary somatosensory cortex
Maintains representations of the body's and of the head's position in space.
•Permits complicated spatio-temporal predictions – e.g. catching something when you are moving
134
Post central gyrus
Receives sensations from the rest of the body
135
Inferotemporal Cortex
Recognition of faces and onjecgs
136
Dorsal stream of occipital lobe
Vision for movement
Where [is it in relation to us – note path towards motor areas]
137
Ventral stream of occipital lobe
Vision for identification
What [does it mean to us – note path towards temporal/limbic areas]
138
What exits the skull via the Foramen magnum
Medulla
139
When does the medulla become the spinal cord
When C1 spinal nerves branch off
140
Precentral gyrus
Motor
141
Post central gyrus
Somatosensory
142
Brodmann’s areas
Histologically divided the brain into 47 areas
143
Corona radiata
bundle of projection fibers connecting the cortices of the brain with the brainstem via the internal capsule. The cortical projections of the corona radiata originate from pyramidal neurons located in the lower third of the precentral gyrus of the frontal motor cortex. On each side of the cerebral hemispheres, the corona radiata is interconnected via the corpus callosum.
The corona radiata acts as a hub for efferents and afferents, as fibers from the corticobulbar, corticospinal and corticopontine tracts pass through it.
144
Internal capsule
mainly composed of myelinated nerve fibers of ascending and descending tracts of the central nervous system. These tracts mainly connect the cerebral cortex with the subcortical structures, brainstem and spinal cord.
Located between thalamus and basal ganglia
145
What does the straight sinus receive venous blood from
inferior sagittal sinus and the great cerebral vein
146
Which artery supplies the motor cortex of the right leg
Left anterior cerebral artery
147
Which artery is a direct continuation of the internal carotid artery in the circle of Willis
Middle cerebral artery
148
How does the cavernous sinus receive blood from the orbit
Via superior ophthalmic vein
149
Where is the cerebrospinal fluid re-absorbed into
Superior sagittal sinus
150
Which 2 layers enclose the dural venous sinuses
Between meningeal and periosteal dural layers
151
What carries blood to the basal ganglia
Lenticulo-striate arteries (branches of MCA + ACA)
152
Which arteries supply the primary motor cortex
Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
153
Which Brodmann’s area is Broca’s
44
154
Which Brodmann’s area is primary motor cortex
4
155
Which Brodmann’s area is Wernicke’s area
22
156
Cerebellum
Is thought to have a part in the learning and storage of motor skills.
157
Innervation of facial sweat glands
Sympathetic innervation via superior cervical ganglion
158
Which cells do olfactory receptors synapse with in the olfactory bulb
Mitral cells
159
Olfaction and Gustation are represented
Ipsilaterally
160
4 types of papillae on tongue
Fungiform
Foliage
Circumvallate
Filiform
161
Fungiform papillae
Anterior 2/3
Innervated by VII
162
Foliate papillae
Edges
Posterior 1/3
Innervated. Y IX
163
Circumvallate papillae
Rear
IX
164
Filiform papillae
Mechanical, not gustatory
Most numerous
Cover most of upper surface
165
Fornix
White matter bundle
Connects nodes of limbic system
Cognition and episodic memory recall
