Spinal Cord Flashcards
1
Q
Number of spinal nerves
A
31
2
Q
Number of vertebra
A
33
3
Q
C1 vertebra
A
Atlas
4
Q
C2 vertebra
A
Axis
5
Q
Number of cervical vertebrae
A
7
6
Q
Number of thoracic vertebrae
A
12
7
Q
Number of lumbar vertebrae
A
5
8
Q
Number of sacral vertebrae
A
5 - fused to form sacrum
9
Q
Number of coccyx vertebrae
A
4 — fused
10
Q
Dens
A
Prominent spike on C2 vertebra
11
Q
What does the transverse Foramen of the cervical vertebra contain
A
Vertebral artery and sympathetic chain
12
Q
What cervical vertebrae does not have a bifid spinous process
A
C7
13
Q
Thoracic vertebra spinous processes
A
Thinner and more descending
14
Q
Thoracic vertebral Foramen
A
Circular
15
Q
Lumbar spinous processes
A
Thick and broad
16
Q
Lumbar vertebral Foramen
A
Triangular
17
Q
2 enlargements of spinal cord
A
Cervical (C3-T1) to upper limbs
Lumbar (L1-S3) to lower limbs
18
Q
Central canal
A
CSF surrounding spinal cord
19
Q
What is the spinal cord covered by
A
Meninges
Dura—>arachnoid—>pia
20
Q
Conus medullaris
A
Spinal cord tapers to a cone
21
Q
Filum terminale
A
Spinal cord ends in a strand of tissue
22
Q
Where does spinal cord end in adults
A
Between L1 and L2
23
Q
Where does the spinal cord end at birth
A
L3
24
Q
Where does the spinal cord end at 3 months of fetal life
A
Extends the whole length of spinal cord
25
Axons in dorsal cord
Afferent neurones- sensory
26
Axons in ventral cord
Efferent neurones- motor
27
Spinal nerves leave the spine- cervical segments
Around 1 vertebra higher than their corresponding vertebra
Except C8 which is below
28
Spinal nerves leave the spine- thoracic segments
1-2 vertebra below corresponding vertebra
29
Spinal nerves leave the spine- lumbar segments
3-4 vertebra below corresponding vertebra
30
Spinal nerves leave the spine- sacral segments
5 vertebra below corresponding vertebra
31
Number of pairs of cervical spinal nerves
8
32
Number of pairs of thoracic spinal nerves
12
33
Number of pairs of lumbar spinal nerves
5
34
Number of pairs of sacral spinal nerves
5
35
Number of pairs of coccygeal spinal nerves
1
36
3 layers of tissue covering nerves
Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium
37
Funiculi
Fascicles can be collected into larger bundles
38
Epineurium
Outermost layer
Surrounds several fascicles
39
Perineurium
Covers each fascicle
Composed of several layers of epithelium bound by tight junctions
40
Endoneurium
Delicate connective tissue around the myelin sheath of each individual axon
41
What stains white matter black
Osmium
42
What stains grey matter black
Silver stain
43
What is silver stain used for
Cell bodies
44
What is osmium stain used for
Myelin
45
Which part of the spinal cord has more white matter
Higher levels
46
Grey matter in spinal cord
H shaped with 4 protrusions
2 dorsal horns
2 ventral horns
47
Rexed laminae
10 layers of grey matter
Defined by their cellular structure
48
Laminae I-III
Substantia gelatinosa
49
Laminae VII
Clarke’s column (C8-L3)
50
Laminae IX
Motor supply
51
Number of layers of grey matter in rexed laminae
10
52
Which spinal nerves control spinal reflexes of the front of the arm
C5/C6
53
Which spinal nerves control spinal reflexes of the back of the arm
C7/C8
54
Which spinal nerves control spinal reflexes of the diaphragm
C3/4/5
55
Which spinal nerves control spinal reflexes of the erection of penis
S2/S3/S4 - pudendal nerve
56
Which spinal nerves control spinal reflexes of the ankle jerk
S1/S2
57
Which spinal nerves control spinal reflexes of the knee jerk
L3/L4
58
Which spinal nerves control spinal reflexes of the wrist and bicep
C5/C6
59
Which spinal nerves control spinal reflexes of the triceps
C7/C8
60
Which nerve innervates the penis
Pudendal nerve
61
Conscious ascending tracts
DCML pathway and Spinothalamic pathways
62
Unconscious ascending tracts
Spinocerebellar tracts
63
Dorsal column-medial lemniscal information
Fine touch
Vibration
Proprioception
64
Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway
Travels via dorsal columns in spinal cord then transmitted through medial lemniscus in brainstem
65
Dorsal column-medial lemniscal first order neurones
Carry sensory information from peripheral nerves to medulla
66
Dorsal column-medial lemniscal first order neurones- upper limb pathways
Signals from upper limbs (T6 and above)
Travel in fasciculus cuneatus
Synapse in nucleus cuneatus
67
Dorsal column-medial lemniscal first order neurones- lower limbs pathway
Signals from lower limbs
Travel in fasciculus gracilis
Synapse in nucleus gracilis
68
Dorsal column-medial lemniscal second order neurones
From cuneate of gracilis nuclei fibres carry information to 3rd order neurones
Decussate in medulla —> travel to contralateral thalamus
69
Where do Dorsal column-medial lemniscal second order neurones decussate
Medulla
70
Dorsal column-medial lemniscal third order neurones
Transmit sensory information to thalamus and ipsilateral primary sensory cortex
71
3 types of ascending tracts
Dorsal column-medial lemniscal
Spinothalamic
Spinocerebellar
72
2 types of Spinothalamic tracts
Anterior Spinothalamic tract
Lateral Spinothalamic tracts
73
Function of anterior Spinothalamic tracts
Crude touch and pressure
74
Function of lateral Spinothalamic tracts
Pain and temperature
75
Spinothalamic tracts first order neurons arise from
Sensory receptors in the periphery
76
Spinothalamic tracts first order neurons pathway
Sensory receptors
Enter spinal cord and synapse at tip of dorsal horn
77
Spinothalamic tracts second order neurons
Carry information from dorsal horn to thalamus
Fibres decussate in spinal cord
78
Where do Spinothalamic tracts second order neurons decussate
Spinal cord
79
Spinothalamic tracts third order neurons
From thalamus to ipsilateral primary sensory cortex
80
Spinocerebellar tracts
Group of tracts carrying unconscious proprioceptive information from muscles to cerebellum
81
4 types of Spinocerebellar tracts
Posterior
Cuneocerebellar
Anterior
Rostral
82
Posterior Spinocerebellar tracts
Lower limbs to ipsilateral cerebellum
83
Cuenocerebellar tracts
Upper limbs to ipsilateral cerebellum
84
Anterior Spinocerebellar tracts
Lower limbs to ipsilateral cerebellum
Fibres in tract decussate twice
85
Rostral Spinocerebellar tracts
Upper limbs to ipsilateral cerebellum
86
2 Spinocerebellar tracts from upper limb
Cuneocerebellar tracts
Rostral Spinocerebellar tracts
87
2 Spinocerebellar tracts from lower limbs
Posterior Spinocerebellar tracts
Anterior Spinocerebellar tracts
88
Which Spinocerebellar tract decussates twice
Anterior Spinocerebellar tracts
89
Topographically
Fibres in the dorsal columns are arranged topographically
such that the fibers that convey information from lower limbs are in the medial subdivision of the dorsal columns, called the gracile tract, a fact of some significance in the clinical localization of neural injury. The lateral subdivision, called the cuneate tract, contains axons conveying information from the upper limbs, trunk, and neck. At the level of the upper thorax, the dorsal columns account for more than a third of the cross-sectional area of the human spinal cord.
90
Characteristic of dorsal column-medial lemniscal system conduction velocities
Fast
91
dorsal column-medial lemniscal system function
Carries touch and proprioception
92
Topographical organisation of dorsal columns
Gracile
Cuneate
93
Where does the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system decussate
Medulla then thalamus to somatosensory cortex
94
Spinothalamic tract and Nociceptive information
Conveys nociceptive information contralaterally up the spinal cord.
95
Brown-Sequard Syndrome. Following traumatic hemisection of the spinal cord on the right at the level of C7, the patient presents with which ONE of the following signs and symptoms?:-
Lower motor neuron paralysis at the level of C7 on the ipsilateral side.
