HISTOLOGY Flashcards
memorization (74 cards)
1
Q
The microscopic study of the tissues of the body
A
Histology
2
Q
Four types of tissue:
A
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Muscular tissue
- Nervous tissue
3
Q
Function of tissues
- Epithelial tissue -
- Connective tissue -
- Muscular tissue -
- Nervous tissue -
A
Function of tissues
- Epithelial tissue - COVERS body surfaces, lines body cavities, and form glands
- Connective tissue - SUPPORTS the other three basic tissues, both structurally and functionally
- Muscular tissue - Made up of contractile cells and is responsible for MOVEMENT
- Nervous tissue - CONTROL; receives, transmits and integrates information from outside and inside the body to CONTROL activities of the body
4
Q
Germinal Tissue Layers:
A
- Ectoderm - outermost layer
- Mesoderm - middlemost layer
- Endoderm - innermost layer
5
Q
Germinal tissue origin of epithelial tissue:
A
Ectoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm
6
Q
Germinal tissue origin of connective tissue:
A
Mesoderm
7
Q
Germinal tissue origin of muscular tissue:
A
Mesoderm
8
Q
Germinal tissue origin of nervous tissue:
A
Ectoderm
9
Q
It is the lining, covering, and glandular tissue of the body; functions include protection, absorption and secretion;
A
Epithelial tissue
10
Q
Two (2) types of epithelial tissue:
A
- Covering or lining epithelium
- Glandular epithelium
11
Q
Covering or lining epithelium is classified according to _______ and _____:
A
Number of cellular layers and
Cell shape
12
Q
Classification of covering/lining epithelium according to the NUMBER OF CELLULAR LAYERS:
A
- Simple - one layer of cells
- Pseudostratified - special type of simple epithelium
- Stratified - Two or more layers
- Transitional - special type of stratified epithelium that can be greatly stretched
13
Q
Classification of covering/lining epithelium according to CELL SHAPE:
A
- Squamous - Flat and thin cells
- Cuboidal - CUbe-shaped cells, as wide as they are tall
- Columnar - Tall and thin cells, cells are taller than they are wide
14
Q
What type of covering/lining epithelium is located in the alveoli of the lungs and blood vessel endothelium:
A
Simple squamous
15
Q
What type of covering/lining epithelium is located in the surface of the ovaries, kidney tubules and thyroid follicles?
A
Simple cuboidal
16
Q
What type of covering/lining epithelium is located in the lining of the digestive tract from stomach to anus?
A
Simple columnar
17
Q
Type of covering/lining epithelium located in the ling of nasal cavity and nasal sinuses; trachea
A
Pseudostratified columnar
18
Q
Type of covering/lining epithelium located in keratinized: skin (epidermis) and non-keratinized: mouth, throat and esophagus:
A
Stratified squamous
19
Q
Type of lining/covering epithelium located in the sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicles
A
Stratified cuboidal
20
Q
Type of lining/covering epithelium located in the mammary gland ducts, larynx
A
Stratified columnar
21
Q
Type of lining or covering epithelium in the lining of the urinary bladder, urethra, ureter
A
Transitional
22
Q
Two types of glandular epithelium:
A
- Endocrine gland
- Exocrine gland
23
Q
Often called as the ductless glands wherein the secretions diffuse directly into the blood vessels that weave through the glands
A
ENDOCRINE GLAND
24
Q
Examples of endocrine glands:
A
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal glands
PANCREAS
25
Gland that retain their ducts and their secretion empty through the ducts to the epithelial surface
EXOCRINE GLAND
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Examples of exocrine glands:
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Salivary glands
PANCREAS
27
Classification of exocrine gland:
1. Structural classification
2. Modes of secretion
28
Structural classification of exocrine gland:
1. Simple exocrine glands - have a single, nonbranched duct
2. Compound exocrine glands - have multiple, branched duct
29
Modes of secretion of exocrine gland:
1. Merocrine - Release of secretory products by exocytosis
2. Apocrine - release of secretory products as pinched off fragments of the gland cells 9partial removal of the cell)
3. Holocrine - shedding of the entire cells and become part of the secretion (complete removal of the cell)
30
It supports the organs and cells, acts as a medium for exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissues, protects against microorganisms, repair damaged tissues and stores fat
Connective tissue
31
Cells of the connective tissue:
1. Fibroblasts
2. Fat cells (Adipocytes)
3. Blood cells (RBCs, WBCs, Platelets)
4. Osteocytes
32
Most common cells in connective tissue, responsible for tissue repair and wound healing
Fibroblasts
33
connective tissue that is specialized for storing energy, and in cushioning and insulating the body
Fat cells (adipocytes)
34
Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue
Osteocytes
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Special type of stratified epithelium that can be greatly stretched
Transitional
36
Ground substance: protein fibers matrix in connective tissue:
1. Collagen fibers
2. Reticular fibers
3. Elastic fibers
37
protein fiber that provides tensile strength, making tissues resistant to stretching:
Collagen fibers
38
Protein fiber that form a fine meshwork that supports soft tissues like liver, bone marrow, and lymphoid organs
Reticular fibers
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Protein fiber that grants elasticity, allowing tissues like skin, lungs and arteries to return to their original shape after stretching or contracting
Elastic fibers
40
Classification of connective tissue
1. Connective tissue proper
2. Supporting connective tissue
3. Fluid connective tissue
41
Connective tissue proper classification:
Connective tissue proper classification:
1. Loose connective tissue
2. Dense connective tissue
42
Loose connective tissue includes:
1. Areolar tissue
2. Adipose tissue
3. Reticular tissue
43
MOST WIDELY DISTRIBUTED connective that functions as a universal connective tissue "glue" that helps pack and hold the internal organs in their proper positions
Areolar tissue
44
Has adipocytes; functions in energy storage, and protection
Adipose tissue
45
Is a network of reticular fibers that forms the framework of lymphatic tissue, bone marrow, and the liver
Reticular tissue
46
Dense connective tissue includes:
Tendons - attaches skeletal muscle to the bones
Ligaments - connect bones to bones at joints
47
Supporting connective tissue classification:
1. Cartilage
2. Bone
48
The cartilage includes:
1. Hyaline cartilage
2. Fibrocartilage
3. Elastic cartilage
49
most common type of cartilage, can be found in nasal septum, larynx, tracheal rings; most articular surfaces and sternal ends of the ribs; forms the precursor of bone in the developing skeleton
Hyaline cartilage
50
INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS; in association with dense collagenous tissue in joint capsules; in ligaments and in the connections of some tendons to bone
Fibrocartilage
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External ear and external auditory canal, epiglottis' parts of the laryngeal cartilages; walls of Eustachian tubes
Elastic cartilage
52
Sometimes called OSSEUS TISSUE, composed of bone cells sitting in cavities called LACUNAE and surrounded by layers of a very hard matric that contains calcium salts in addition to large number of collagen fibers:
BONE
53
Types of BONE:
1. Spongy bone - provides structural support and protects the bone marrow
2. Compact bone - provides strength, supports the body's weight and facilitating movement
54
Fluid connective tissue includes:
1. BLOOD
2. HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUE
- Red marrow - produce new blood cells
- Yellow marrow - stores lipids
Note: As children grow, YELLOW MARROW replaces much of the red marrow in bones
55
Highly specialized to contract, or shorten, to produce movement:
Muscular tissue
56
Muscle types and their control:
SKELETAL MUSCLE - VOLUNTARY
CARDIAC MUSCLE - INVOLUNTARY
SMOOTH MUSCLE/VISCERAL MUSCLE- INVOLUNTARY
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Long, cylindrical, MULTINUCLEATED, WITH STRIATIONS
Skeletal muscle
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Short, UNINUCLEATED, WITH STRIATIONS and branching cells that fit together at junctions called INTERCALATED DISCS
CARDIAC MUSCLE
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Fixative of choice for cardiac muscle tissue to visualize intercalated discs:
HELLY'S FLUID (ZENKER-FORMOL)
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UNINUCLEATED and SPINDLE-SHAPED, WITH STRIATIONS
SMOOTH MUSCLE/ VISCERAL MUSCLE
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Receives and conducts electrochemical impulses from one part of the body to another; thus, IRRITABILITY and CONDUCTIVITY are their two major function:
NERVOUS TISSUE
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Comprises the brain and spinal cord, responsible for processing and integrating information
Central Nervous System (CNS)
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Consists of all nerves outside the CNS, facilitating communication between the CNS and the rest f the body
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
64
Cells of the nervous tissue:
1. Neurons (nerve cell) - conduct electrical impulses; FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF CNS and PNS
2. Neuroglial cells (Supporting cells) - Support, nurture, and protect the neurons
65
Basic parts of a neuon:
1. Cell body - primarily the TROPHIC CENTER
2. Dendrites - PRINCIPAL SIGNAL RECEPTION and PROCESSING SITES on neurons
3. Axon - MAIN CONDUCTING UNIT of a neuron
66
Morphological classification of neurons:
1. Bipolar neuron
2. Multipolar neuron
3. Unipolar (Pseudounipolar) neuron
4. Anaxonic neuron
67
Possess a SINGLE AXON and a SINGLE DENDRITE
Bipolar Neuron
68
Possess a SINGLE AXON and MORE THAN ONE DENDRITE; MOST COMMON
Multipolar Neuron
69
Possess a SINGLE PROCESS that extends from the cell body and subsequently branches into an axon and dendrite
Unipolar (Pseudounipolar) Neuron
70
Possess MORE THAN ONE DENDRITE but NO TRUE AXON
Anaxonic Neuron
71
The connective tissue originate form which germinal or embryonic tissue?
A. Ectoderm
B. Endoderm
C. Mesoderm
D. Lipoderm
C. Mesoderm (also known as mesenchyme)
72
What type of epithelium forms the linings of the urinary bladder, the ureters and part of the urethra which are all organs which are subject to considerable stretching?
A. Stratified squamous
B. Transitional
C. Stratified cuboidal
D. Stratified columnar
B. Transitional
73
All are elastic cartilage EXCEPT:
A. Intervertebral disc
B. External ear
C. Walls of the Eustachian tubes
D. Epiglottis
A. Intervertebral disc
74
Identify the muscle tissue described as follows
**Involuntary control
**Uninucleated
**With intercalated discs
A. Skeletal
B. Cardiac
C. Visceral
D. Smooth
B. Cardiac
