SPECIAL STAINS FOR TISSUE PROCESSING

Question 1

BEST STAIN FOR CARBOHYDRATES particularly glycogen; Most common method used for demonstration of BASEMENT MEMBRANE (glomerular basement membrane)

Answer 1

PERIODIC ACID SCHIFF (PAS)

Question 2

Usually combined with aluminum chloride to stain GLYCOGEN (+BRIGHT RED)

Answer 2

BEST CARMINE

Question 3

A bond that play a critical role in the staining of glycogen in both PAS and Best Carmine

Answer 3

COULOMBIC BONDS

Question 4

Probably the OLDEST STAIN, originally used for microscopic study of starch granules

Answer 4

IODINE

Question 5

iodine stain used in staining microorganisms and fibrin in tissue sections

Answer 5

Gram’s Iodine

Question 6

Iodine stain used as a test for glycogen, amyloid and corpora amylacea

Answer 6

Lugol’s Iodine

Question 7

STAINS FOR FATS AND LIPIDS:

Answer 7

• Sudan Black B (SBB)
• Sudan IV
• Oil Red O
• Osmium tetroxide

Question 8

MOST SENSITIVE AND SPECIFIC FOR LIPID STAINING (FATS); stain of choice for ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE

Answer 8

SUDAN BLACK B (SBB)

Question 9

BEST STAIN FOR BASIC PROTEINS (Histones and Protamines)

Answer 9

ALKALINE FAST GREEN

Question 10

STAINS FOR NUCLEIC ACIDS:

Answer 10

• Feulgen technique
• Methyl-Green pyronin
• Acridine Orange

Question 11

The Feulgen technique stains the _____ Red-purple

Answer 11

DNA

Question 12

MOST RELIABLE AND SPECIFIC histochemical staining technique for the DNA (+RED-PURPLE)

Answer 12

FEULGEN

Question 13

_______ can be used as an alternative for Feulgen technique

Answer 13

ACRIFLAVINE

Question 14

Most commonly used FLUOROCHROME to demonstrate DNA and RNA in fresh or fixed tissues

Answer 14

ACRIDINE ORANGE

Question 15

Acridine orange is used for:

Answer 15

SCREENING of CERVICAL SMEARS FOR CANER CELLS

Question 16

In Methyl Green-Pyronin, Methyl-green stains the ________ and Pyronin stains ________

Answer 16

Methyl Green - NUCLEUS
Pyronin - CYTOPLASM

Question 17

Stains for CONNECTIVE TISSUE:

Answer 17

Van Gieson’s Stain - Collagen - Pink/Deep Red

Orcein - Elastic fibers - Dark Brown

Crystal violet - Amyloid - Purplish Red

Question 18

SIMPLET METHOD OF DIFFERENTIAL STAINING OF COLLAGEN using a mixture of picric acid and acid fuchsin

Answer 18

Van Gieson

Question 19

EXCELLENT STAIN FOR ELASTIC FIBERS (TAENZER-UNNA); especially recommended in dermatological studies due to its ability to demonstrate the finest and most delicate fibers in the skin

Answer 19

ORCEIN

Question 20

It is used as 4% aqueous in Krajian’s method staining of AMYLOID, elastic tissues and myelin; utilized as a stain for AXIS CYLINDERS in embryo

Answer 20

CONGO RED

Question 21

For staining AMYLOID in FROZEN SECTIONS AND PLATELETS IN BLOOD

Answer 21

CRYSTAL VIOLET

Question 22

STAINS FOR COLLAGEN:

Answer 22

1. Van Gieson
2. Mallory’s Aniline blue
3. Masson’s Trichome
4. Azocarmine
5. Krajian’s Aniline blue

mnemonic: “VGMMAK” ‘bigmac’

Question 23

STAINS FOR ELASTIC FIBERS:

Answer 23

1. Orcein
2. Weigert’s
3. Congo Red
4. Krajian’s

mnemonic: “OWCK”

Question 24

Stains for MUSCLE AND BONE

Answer 24

• Mallory’s PTAH
• Modified Gomori’s Trichome stain
• Heidenhain’s Iron hematoxylin

Question 25

Useful for the demonstration of MUSCLE STRAITIONS:

Answer 25

Phosphotungstic Acid-Hematoxylin (PTAH) stains muscle striation, and neuroglia BLUE

Question 26

Stains for CNS TISSUES:

Answer 26

- Bielchowsky's technique - Luxol Fast Blue

Question 27

Best stain for CNS (Neurofibrils, Axons and Neurons):

Answer 27

BIELCHOWSKY'S technique stains Neurofibrils, Axons, Neurons BLACK

Question 28

Stains for BONE MARROW, and BLOOD ELEMENTS

Answer 28

- Rapid Toluidine - Wright-Giemsa or Jenner-Giemsa - Peroxidase Reaction

Question 29

ROMANOWSKY STAINS include:

Answer 29

- Wright stain - Leishman stain - Giemsa stain - Jenner's stain All are used to examine BLOOD OR BONE MARROW SAMPLES

Question 30

Stains for TISSUE PIGMENTS AND DEPOSITS:

Answer 30

- Perl's Prussian blue - Turnbull's - Masson-Fontana Technique - Von Kossa Silver Nitrate - Rhodanine - Schmorl's Ferric-Ferricyanide

Question 31

For hemosiderin (endogenous pigments_

Answer 31

PERL'S PRUSSIAN BLUE

Question 32

Perl's Prussian Blue stain is composed of:

Answer 32

1% Potassium Ferrocyanide 2% Aqueous Hydrochloric acid

Question 33

BEST STAIN FOR MELANIN (+BLACK)

Answer 33

Masson-Fontana technique

Question 34

BEST STAIN FOR CALCIUM (+BLACK)

Answer 34

Von Kossa Silver Nitrate

Question 35

MOST SENSITIVE AND SPECIFIC FOR COOPER (+RED)

Answer 35

RHODANINE

Question 36

Endogenous pigments:

Answer 36

1. Hemosiderin 2,. Hematoidin 3. Hematin 4. Hemozon 5. Hemofuson (Lipofuscin) "HHHHH"

Question 37

Iron-containing pigment of hemoglobin, and is usually found in places which are easily accessible to oxygen; most common hemoglobin derivative

Answer 37

HEMOSIDERIN

Question 38

Iron-free pigment of hemoglobin, found in areas where there is poor oxygenation, participating in the formation of bile pigments

Answer 38

HEMATOIDIN

Question 39

Hemoglobin minus the globin molecule, found in blood clots, but may be encountered in malaria, pernicious anemia and toxic hemolysis

Answer 39

HEMATIN

Question 40

Black granule formed by malarial parasites in the red blood cells

Answer 40

HEMOZOIN

Question 41

Iron-free brownish yellow pigment that occurs with hemosiderin in hemochromatosis

Answer 41

HEMOFUSCIN (LIPOFUSCIN)

Question 42

The MOST COMMON EXOGENOUS PIGMENT, appearing JET BLACK PIGMENTS in lung sections and bronchial glands of CHRONIC SMOKERS:

Answer 42

CARBON

Question 43

STAINS FOR MICROORGANISMS: for complete list, refer to mothernotes

Answer 43

1. Levaditi 2. Dieterle 3. Wade-Fite Technique 4. Orcein method 5. Toluidine blue

Question 44

Levaditi stains: color:

Answer 44

Levaditi stain stains: Spirochetes color: Black on Yellow background

Question 45

Dieterle stain stains: color:

Answer 45

Dieterle stain stains: Legionella pneumophilia color: Dark Brown to Black

Question 46

Wade-Fite technique stains: color:

Answer 46

Wade-Fite technique stains: Mycobacterium leprae, Nocardia color: Red

Question 47

Orcein method stains: color:

Answer 47

Orcein method stains: HBsAg color: Brown-Black

Question 48

Toluidine blue stains: color:

Answer 48

Toluidine blue stains: Helicobacter pylori (#1 stain for H. pylori) color: Dark blue

Question 49

Excellent stain for MALARIAL PARASITES; used for staining blood to differentiate leukocytes; may be used as a stain for HELICOBACTER PYLORI (#2 choice for H. pylori)

Answer 49

GIEMSA STAIN

Question 50

STAINS FOR SPIROCHETES (+BLACK)

Answer 50

1. Warthin-Starry method 2. Levaditi 3. Modified Steiner and Steiner

Question 51

Contrast stain for staining ASCARIS EGGS and erythrocytes and as a bacterial spore stain

Answer 51

MALACHITE GREEN

Question 52

Used in identification of SPIROCHETES, reticulum, and other fibers stain

Answer 52

SILVER NITRATE