HISTOPATHOLOGIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES

Question 1

A branch of pathology that involves the examination of tissues and cells at a microscopic level to diagnose diseases and understand their underlying structural challenges

Answer 1

HISTOPATHOLOGY

Question 2

Deals with the preparation of tissues for microscopic examination

Answer 2

HISTOPATHOLOGIC TECHNIQUE

Question 3

Three post-mortem changes:

Answer 3

1. Autolysis
2. Putrefaction
3. Decomposition

Question 4

The destruction of the tissues by enzymes which are produced by the tissues and eventually liquefy it

Answer 4

autolysis

Question 5

The decomposition of organic matter under the influence of microorganisms accompanied by the development of disagreeable odors

Answer 5

Putrefaction

Question 6

Also known as degeneration; is a retrogressive process in cells in which the cytoplasm undergoes deterioration while the nucleus is preserved

Answer 6

Decomposition

Question 7

Removal of a tissue sample from a living organism to be examined under a microscope to diagnose diseases

Answer 7

BIOPSY

Question 8

TYPES OF BIOPSY SPECIMEN:

Answer 8

1. Fine needle aspiration
2. Core needle biopsy
3. Incisional biopsy
4. Excisional biopsy
5. Punch biopsy
6. Shave biopsy
7. Curettings

Question 9

SIMPLEST, LEAST INVASIVE test and uses the smallest needle to remove cells from the area of abnormality

Answer 9

Fine needle aspiration

Question 10

Removes NOT ONLY CELLS, but also a small surrounding tissue. This provides additional information to assist in the examination of the lesion

Answer 10

Core needle biopsy

Question 11

Takes out even more surrounding tissue. It takes out some of the abnormality, but not all. The doctor will slice into the lesion and remove ONLY A PORTION of it. If the lesion is found to be cancerous, further surgery may be needed to remove or excise the entire lesion

Answer 11

INCISIONAL BIOPSY

Question 12

Removes the ENTIRE AREA in question

Answer 12

EXCISIONAL BIOPSY

Question 13

Considered the primary technique for obtaining DIAGNOSTIC FULL0THICKNESS SKIN SPECIMEN. This technique involves the use of a CIRCULAR BLADE THAT IS ROTATED DOWN THROUGH THE EPIDERMIS AND DERMIS, INTO SUBCUTANEOUS FAT, YIELDING 3 TO 4 MM CYLINDIRCAL CORE OF TISSUE SAMPLE

Answer 13

PUNCH BIOPSY

Question 14

Small fragments of tissue are “SHAVED” from a surface

Answer 14

SHAVE BIOPSY

Question 15

Tissue is SCOOPED OR SPOONED to remove the tissue or growth from the body cavity such as endometrium or cervical canal

Answer 15

CURETTINGS

Question 16

THREE METHODS OF FRESH TISSUE EXAMINATION

Answer 16

1. TEASING OR DISSOCIATION
2. SQUASH PREPARATION OR CRUSHING
3. SMEARING

Question 17

Process where small pieces of tissue not more than 1 mm in diameter placed in a MICROSCOPE SLIDE and forcibly COMPRESSED with another slide or with a cover glass. VITAL DYES are placed at the slide and coverslip junction and absorbed through capillary action

Answer 17

SQUASH PREPARATION OR CRUSHING

Question 18

Techniques useful in CYTOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS particularly for cancer diagnosis`

Answer 18

SMEARING

Question 19

Process wherein selected tissue specimen is immersed in a WATCH GLASS containing isotonic salt solution (NSS), carefully DISSECTED OR SEPARATED and examined under the microscope

Answer 19

TEASING OR DISSOCIATION

Question 20

FOUR (4) SMEARING TECHNIQUES FOR FRESH TIISSUE EXAMINATION **for cancer diagnosis*

Answer 20

1. Streaking
2. Spreading
3. Pull-apart
4. Touch preparation

Question 21

Use of an applicator stick or platinum loop applied in a DIRECT OR ZIGZAG LINE

Answer 21

STREAKING

Question 22

Materials is transferred in a clean slide and gently spread into a moderately thick film by TEASING using an applicator stick recommended for preparations of FRESH SPUTUM, bronchial aspirates and thick mucoid secretions

Answer 22

SPREADING

Question 23

Two slides are PULLED-APART with a single uninterrupted motion useful in preparation of THICK SECRETIONS such as serous fluids, conc. sputum, enzymatic lavage samples from GIT and blood smear

Answer 23

Pull-apart

Question 24

Freshly cut tissue is brought into CONTACT ADN PRESSED on the surface of a clean glass slide

Answer 24

TOUCH PREPARATION

Question 25

For RAPID DIAGNOSIS;

Answer 25

FROZEN SECTION

Question 26

The tissue for frozen section should be sent to the laboratory FRESH and _____

Answer 26

UNFXED

Question 27

Applications of Frozen section in Histotechnology:

Answer 27

- RAPID PATHOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS during surgery (PRIMARY) - DEMONSTRATION OF LIPID (FAT CELLS) and carbohydrates (SECONDARY)

Question 28

Generally, most widely used in histochemistry and during intraoperative procedures, and is the most rapid of the commonly available freezing agents

Answer 28

LIQUID NITROGEN

Question 29

The fixative of choice for TOUCH PREPARATION:

Answer 29

95% Isopropyl alcohol

Question 30

Primary application of frozen section:

Answer 30

Rapid diagnosis; TAT: 5-15 minutes

Question 31

This is an excellent method for freezing MUSCLE TISSUE

Answer 31

ISOPENTANE

Question 32

Commonly used in COLD KNIFE procedure

Answer 32

CAROBON DIOXIDE GAS

Question 33

Used for freezing SMALL pieces of tissue except muscle

Answer 33

AEROSOL SPRAYS

Question 34

METHODS OF PREPARING FROZEN SECTIONS:

Answer 34

1. COLD KNIFE PROCEDURE 2. CYROSTAT PROCEDURE/COLD MICROTOME

Question 35

Cold knife procedure temperatures: - KNIFE = - TISSUE = - ENVIRONMENT =

Answer 35

Cold knife procedure temperatures: - KNIFE = -40 to -60C - TISSUE = -5 to -10C - ENVIRONMENT = 0 to -10C

Question 36

REFRIGERATED APPARATUS used in fresh tissue microtomy consists of an insulated ROTARY MICROTOME housed in an electrically driven refrigerated chamber and maintained at temperatures near -20C where microtome, knife, specimen and atmosphere are kept at the same temperature

Answer 36

CRYOSTAT PROCEDURE/COLD MICROTOME

Question 37

Cryostat/Cold microtome optimum temperature =

Answer 37

Cryostat/Cold microtome optimum temperature = -18 to -20C