histology 18: liver, pancreas and gallbladder

Question 1

what is the approximate volume in the human gallbladder

Answer 1

50 mL

Question 2

what surface of the liver is the gallbladder attached to

Answer 2

visceral

Question 3

what type of epithelium is in the mucosal folds of the gallbladder

Answer 3

simple columnar epithelium

Question 4

describe the microvilli of the cholangiocytes

Answer 4

numerous but short and not well-developed and apical

Question 5

what does the muscular externa originate from

Answer 5

foregut derived tube

Question 6

what is the layer of tissue where the gallbladder attaches to the liver surface referred to as

Answer 6

adventitia

Question 7

what do rokitansky-aschoff sinuses develop as the result of

Answer 7

hyperplasia and herniation of epithelial cells through the muscularis external

Question 8

what coupled transport is required for the concentration of bile

Answer 8

salt and water

Question 9

what do the epithelial cells of the gallbladder actively transport

Answer 9

Na+, Cl- and HCO3-

Question 10

where does the pancreatic duct (of wirsung) empty into the duodenum

Answer 10

hepatopancreatic ampulla (of vater)

Question 11

what does the exocrine component of the pancreas do

Answer 11

synthesizes and secretes enzymes into the duodenum that are essential for digestion in the intestine

Question 12

what does the endocrine pancreas synthesize and secrete

Answer 12

insulin and glucagon

Question 13

what are the major cell masses of the endocrine pancreas

Answer 13

islets of langerhans

Question 14

what gland does the exocrine pancreas resemble

Answer 14

parotid gland

Question 15

what are acinar cells characterized by

Answer 15

distinct basophilia in the basal cytoplasm and by acidophilic zymogen granules in the apical cytoplasm

Question 16

who are zymogen granules most common in

Answer 16

fasting individuals

Question 17

what are acinar cells joined to one another

Answer 17

junctional complexes

Question 18

describe centroacinar cells

Answer 18

intercalated duct cells located in the acinus

Question 19

what type of epithelium of interlobular ducts lined with

Answer 19

low columnar epithelium

Question 20

what do intercalated ducts add to the exocrine secretion

Answer 20

bicarbonate and water

Question 21

about how much fluid does the pancreas secrete per day

Answer 21

1 L

Question 22

what does CCK stimulates the acinar cells to secrete

Answer 22

their proenzymes

Question 23

what color do A, B and D cells stain in the mallory-azan method

Answer 23

A stain red, B stain brownish-orange and D stain blue

Question 24

what cells constitute the majority of the islet of langerhans

Answer 24

B cells

Question 25

what do A, B, and D cells secrete

Answer 25

A secrete glucagon, B secrete insulin, and D secrete somatostatin

Question 26

what cells secrete Ghrelin

Answer 26

Epsilon cells

Question 27

what does Ghrelin do

Answer 27

stimulates appetite

Question 28

what disorder is characterized by absence or inadequate amounts of insulin

Answer 28

diabetes mellitus

Question 29

how does parasympathetic/cholinergic stimulation effect insulin and glucagon

Answer 29

increases release of both

Question 30

how does sympathetic/adrenergic stimulation effect insulin and glucagon

Answer 30

increase glucagon but inhibits insulin release

Question 31

how does insulin effect exocrine secretion

Answer 31

stimulates it

Question 32

how does glucagon effect exocrine secretion

Answer 32

inhibits it

Question 33

what is the largest mass of glandular tissue in the body

Answer 33

liver

Question 34

what capsule encloses the liver

Answer 34

glisson's capsule

Question 35

what does the liver embryologically develop from/as

Answer 35

endodermal evagination from the wall of the foregut to form the hepatic diverticulum

Question 36

what produces most of the body's circulating plasma proteins

Answer 36

liver

Question 37

what are albumins involved in

Answer 37

regulating plasma volume and tissue balance by maintaining the plasma colloid osmotic pressure

Question 38

what synthesizes most VLDLs

Answer 38

liver

Question 39

what cells store vitamin A

Answer 39

hepatic stellate cells

Question 40

where does haptoglobin bind to free hemoglobin

Answer 40

in the plasma

Question 41

where is T4 converted to T3

Answer 41

liver

Question 42

where is the lipid component of lipoproteins produced

Answer 42

sER

Question 43

where is the protein component of lipoproteins produced

Answer 43

rER

Question 44

where are chylomicrons made

Answer 44

only in the small intestine

Question 45

what is the main function of chylomicrons

Answer 45

transport the large amount of absorbed fat to the bloodstream

Question 46

what is the function of VLDLs

Answer 46

transport most of the triglycerides from the liver to other organs

Question 47

where do the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery enter the liver

Answer 47

at the hilum/porta hepatis

Question 48

what does the hepatic artery branch from

Answer 48

the celiac trunk

Question 49

what does the terminal hepatic venule (central vein) empty into

Answer 49

sub lobular veins

Question 50

what are the vascular channels between the plates of hepatocytes

Answer 50

sinusoidal capillaries

Question 51

what functions of the liver does the portal lobule emphasize

Answer 51

exocrine functions

Question 52

what structural component of the liver provides the best correlation between blood perfusion, metabolic activity and liver pathology

Answer 52

liver acinus

Question 53

what does zone 1 of the liver acinus correspond most with

Answer 53

periphery of the classic lobules

Question 54

what is zone 3 of the liver acinus closest to

Answer 54

terminal hepatic vein/ central vein

Question 55

what zone of the liver acinus is first to receive oxygen, nutrients and toxins from sinusoidal blood

Answer 55

zone 1

Question 56

what zone of the liver acinus is first to show morphological changes after bile duct occlusion (bile stasis)

Answer 56

zone 1

Question 57

what zone of the liver acinus is first to show ischemic necrosis in situations of reduced perfusion

Answer 57

zone 3

Question 58

what zone of the liver acinus is first to show fat accumulation

Answer 58

zone 3

Question 59

what are hepatic sinusoids lined with

Answer 59

thin discontinuous endothelium

Question 60

what system to kupffer cells belong to

Answer 60

mononuclear phagocytic system

Question 61

what zone of the liver acinus is first to be effected by CHF

Answer 61

zone 3

Question 62

what is the perisinusoidal space the site of

Answer 62

exchange of materials between blood and liver cells

Question 63

what happens to hepatic stellate cells (ito cells) in pathological conditions

Answer 63

they differentiate into myofibroblasts and synthesize collagen

Question 64

what role do hepatic stellate/ito cells play in hepatic fibronogenesis

Answer 64

they synthesize and deposit type 1 and 3 collagen within the perisinusoidal space, resulting in liver fibrosis

Question 65

where does hepatic lymph originate

Answer 65

perisinusoidal space

Question 66

what cells make up the anastomosing cell plates of the liver lobule

Answer 66

hepatocytes

Question 67

describe the shape of the hepatocytes

Answer 67

polyhedral

Question 68

what do lysosomes concentrated near the bile canaliculus correspond to

Answer 68

there peribiliary dense bodies seen in histologic sections

Question 69

what cells line the biliary tree

Answer 69

cholangiocytes

Question 70

what do cholangiocytes do

Answer 70

monitor bile flow and regulates its content

Question 71

what cells make up the canal of hering

Answer 71

hepatocytes and cholangiocytes

Question 72

where is the reservoir for liver progenitor cells

Answer 72

canal of hering

Question 73

what is the main distinction between the canal of hiring and the bile ductule

Answer 73

whether the structure is partially or completely lined by cholangiocytes (bile duct is completely)

Question 74

what carries bile to the gallbladder and duodenum

Answer 74

extra hepatic bile ducts

Question 75

what is the detoxified end product of hemoglobin breakdown

Answer 75

bilirubin glucuronide