pharmacology chapter 33: bacterial infections (DNA replication, transscript, and translate)

Question 1

name the quinolones

Answer 1

ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, norfloxacin, olfoxacin

Question 2

what quinolone can cause tendon rupture

Answer 2

ciprofloxacin

Question 3

what is the common ending for quinolones

Answer 3

-xacin

Question 4

what is the contraindication for ciprofloxacin use

Answer 4

concomitant tizanidine administration

Question 5

why should you avoid co-administration of thioridazine with quinolones

Answer 5

can cause increased risk of cardiotoxicity (QT prolongation, tornadoes de points, cardiac arrest)

Question 6

what do quinolones inhibit

Answer 6

topoisomerase II

Question 7

what type of bacteria are quinolone used against

Answer 7

gram negative

Question 8

what do rifabutin and rifampin inhibit

Answer 8

type 2 topoisomerases

Question 9

what is a contraindication for rifabutin and rifampin use

Answer 9

active neisseria meningitides infection

Question 10

what drug should not be used concurrently with rifabutin

Answer 10

clarithromycin

Question 11

how might rifampin effect cyclosporine use

Answer 11

may reduce its concentration and efficacy

Question 12

what 3 drugs bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit

Answer 12

ahminoglycosides, spectinomycin, tetracyclines

Question 13

what are the major adverse effects with aminoglycosides

Answer 13

ototoxicity and acute renal failure

Question 14

what is the alternative therapy for gonorrhea that binds to 30S subunit

Answer 14

spectinomycin

Question 15

what is the major therapeutic consideration for spectinomycin

Answer 15

permits formation of the 70S complex but inhibits translocation

Question 16

what is the only tetracycline that can be used in patients with kidney disease

Answer 16

doxycycline

Question 17

what tetracycline can be used for malarial prophylaxis

Answer 17

doxycycline

Question 18

who are tetracyclines contraindicated for

Answer 18

last half of pregnancy, infancy, children under 8 years of age, patients with severe renal impairment

Question 19

why should tetracyclines be taken on an empty stomach

Answer 19

because calcium products interfere with its absorption

Question 20

why should tetracyclines not be co-administered with acitretin

Answer 20

because of increased risk of elevated intracranial pressure

Question 21

what is the major contraindication for macrolides and ketolides

Answer 21

hepatic dysfunction

Question 22

what is chloramphenicol used to treat

Answer 22

broad spectrum antibiotic active against bacteria (especially anaerobes) and rickettsiae

Question 23

what are the major adverse effects with chloramphenicol

Answer 23

hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia, gray baby syndrome

Question 24

what does chloramphenicol antagonize the bactericidal effects of

Answer 24

penicillins and ahminoglycosides

Question 25

what are most adverse effects of chloramphenicol due to

Answer 25

inhibition of mitochondrial function

Question 26

what infections are lincosamides (clindamycin) used for

Answer 26

bacterial infections due to anaerobic organisms (i.e.: bacteriodes)

Question 27

what are the major adverse effects of clindamycin

Answer 27

pseudomembranous colitis, increased liver function, jaundice

Question 28

what is clindamycin associated with the overgrowth of

Answer 28

C. difficile

Question 29

what are streptogramins (dalfopristin/quinupristin) used to treat against

Answer 29

vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (VREF), and skin infections caused by staphylococcus aereus and S> pyogenes

Question 30

why should streptogramins not be used with SSRIs

Answer 30

due to risk of serotonin syndrome

Question 31

why should streptogramins not be used with pimozide

Answer 31

due to increased risk of cardiotoxicty

Question 32

what is linezolid resisted by in some bacteria

Answer 32

mutation in the 50S subunit's 23S rRNA region

Question 33

what is linezolid used for the treatment of

Answer 33

gram positive bacterial infections, nosocomial pneumonia, complicated diabetic foot infections

Question 34

what are the major adverse effects of linezolid

Answer 34

myelosuppression, peripheral neuropathy, optic neuropathy

Question 35

what is the mechanism of retapamulin

Answer 35

bind to pocket in A site where aminoacyl tRNA normally binds (binding also extends to P site)

Question 36

what is retapamulin used for the treatment of

Answer 36

impetigo due to MRSA or streptococcus pyogenes

Question 37

what is the common adverse effect of retapamulin use

Answer 37

application site irritation

Question 38

what is the major therapeutic consideration for retapamulin

Answer 38

topical application for bacterial skin infections