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Skin MS: Week 6 > Histology: Bone and Cartilage > Flashcards

Histology: Bone and Cartilage Flashcards

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1
Q

Cartilage origin

A

Mesenchyme

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2
Q

Cartilage considered _____ tissue

A

Considered specialized CT due to supportive properties

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3
Q

What is this tissue?

A

Hyaline Cartilage - shown w/ perichondrium

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4
Q

Label

A

Blue - osteoid

Red cells - osteoblasts

isolated cells - osteocytes

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5
Q

Differences between Bone and Cartilage

A

Bone matrix can become mineralized. If cartilage matrix mineralizes it will degenerate

Cartilage is avascular, bone is highly vascular

Cartilage lacks nerve innervation

Cartilage growth is appositional and interstitial; bone grows only appositionally

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6
Q

Cartilage cell types

A

chondroblasts – active

chondrocytes – considered to be inactive

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7
Q

Cell morphology (Cartilage)

A

lacunae

few mitochondria – predominantly anaerobic

typical Golgi, RER

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8
Q

Cartilage matrix is 60-80% _______

A

Water

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9
Q

Cartilage matrix contains

A

Ground substance and fibers

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10
Q

Cartilage ground substance contains

A

proteoglycan (aggrecan - hyaluronate - extremely hydrophilic, binds water to create stiff gel) and glycoproteins (chondronectin - help bind various components of cartilage)

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11
Q

Cartilage matrix fibers

A

Collagen (+elastin for elastic cartilage)

Microfibrillar

Difficult to see d/t same refractive index as ground substance

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12
Q

Cartilage matrix is _________ (blood/lymph)

A

Avascular

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13
Q

Cartilage types

A

Hyaline cartilage

Elastic

Fibrocartilage

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14
Q

Most common cartilage

A

Hyaline

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15
Q

Hyaline cartilage locations

A

Fetal skeleton, epiphyseal plate in children

nose, larynx, trachea, ribs articular cartilage in adult

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16
Q

Morphology of Hyaline Cartilage

glossy, collagenous fibers (Type ____) difficult to see

______ with 2 or more chondrocytes = ________

outer layer = ___________

A

glossy, collagenous fibers (Type II) difficult to see

lacunae with 2 or more chondrocytes = isogenous group

perichondrium

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17
Q

Perichondrium of hyaline cartilage (fibrous layer, chondrogenic zone, function, articular cartilage)

A

fibrous layer – contains fibroblasts and type I collagen

chondrogenic zone – contains chondroblasts

function

protection

continuous supply of chondrocytes

lacking on articular surface of articular cartilage

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18
Q

Hyaline cartilage nutrition

A

diffusion – matrix is permeable to nutrients, oxygen and metabolic waste

mineralization prevents diffusion

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19
Q

Growth of hyaline cartilage (appositional, interstitial, regeneration)

A

appositional – addition of chondroblasts onto surface

interstitial – mitotic activity of chondroblasts (formation of isogenous nests) and synthesis of matrix - note: not possible in bone

regeneration of damaged cartilage is difficult

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20
Q

Elastic cartilage location

A

pinna of ear, eustachian tube, external auditory canal

epiglottis, some laryngeal cartilages

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21
Q

Elastic Cartilage morphology

abundance of ______ fibers

______ fibers and ground substance also present

higher density of _________ than hyaline

_______________ (outer layer)

A

abundance of elastic fibers

collagen (Type II) and ground substance also present

higher density of cells/isogenous nests than hyaline

perichondrium

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22
Q

Nutrition of elastic cartilage

A

Same as hyaline cartilage (diffusion)

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23
Q

Fibrocartilage Locations

A

Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, tendon/ligament attachments

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24
Q

Fibrocartilage morphology:

large ______ fibers (____)

_______ in ground substance

_____ cells per unit area

Perichondrium?

A

large collagenous fibers (Type I)

reduction in ground substance

fewer cells per unit area

no perichondrium

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25
Herniated intervertebral disc
Rupture of annulus fibrosis allowing expulsion of nucleus pulposus Dislocation of annulus and compression of spinal cord Fibrocartilage
26
General Characteristics of Bone
Dynamic - living tissue, Undergoes continuous remodeling, repair Structural support Calcium reservoir
27
Bones contains \_\_\_\_% of body calcium and for what purpose
99% Mineral metastasis
28
3 bone cell types
osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
29
Bone matrix contains
Ground substance, type I collagen, minerals (ca, MN, FE, SR)
30
Bone is _____ vascular/innervated (vs cartilage)
Bone is HIGHLY innervated/vascular - cartilage is not
31
Osteoblast function
synthesis of organic matrix = osteoid prior to mineralization deposition of inorganic components alkaline phosphatase secretion → concentrate phosphate ions → organic matrix (calcium added)
32
Osteoblast location and appearance
Bone surface ## Footnote cuboidal to columnar when active basophilic
33
Cell process of osteoblasts
in contact with neighboring osteoblasts
34
Osteoblasts have receptors for \_\_\_\_
receptors for parathyroid hormone: binding of parathyroid hormone causes release of osteoclast stimulating factor from the osteoblast
35
Osteoblasts --\>
Osteocytes (completely surrounded by matrix)
36
Osteocytes have ______ protein synthesis (compared to osteoblasts)
Reduced
37
Function of osteocytes
maintenance of matrix and regulation of calcium; death of osteocyte → resorption of the matrix
38
Osteocytes are located in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
lacunae
39
Osteocyte cell processes
canaliculi = channels through matrix for osteocyte processes Used to be “arms” of osteoblasts - now canaliculi
40
Osteocyte communicationn
communicate via gap junctions cell-cell coordination nutrient transfer
41
Describe and function
Sharpey's fibers: anchor periosteum to bone
42
What are black dots?
Osteocytes - cells that are alive, communicated via caniculi/gap junctions
43
label zones of epiphyseal plate
Resting Proliferative Hypertrophic Calcified Cartilage Ossification
44
Large multinucleated motile bone cells
osteoclasts
45
Osteoclasts are responsible for
bone resorption
46
Osteoclasts are derived from ______ and amitotic/mitotic
derived from circulating monocytes (not “related” to osteoblasts/osteocytes) amitotic
47
Osteoclast ruffled border and process
"Ruffled border" - where osteoclast lies against bony surface Membranes pump H+ into sub-osteoclastic compartment Lower pH and mineral is liberated Minerals enter osteoclast and are then delivered to nearby capillaries Osteoclast secretes lysosomal hydrolases, collagenase, and gelatinase into sub-osteoclastic compartment Degrade organic components of decalcified bone matrix Degradation products are endocytosed by osteoclast Broken down into amino acids, monosaccharides, and disaccharides and released into capillaries
48
Howship's Lacunae
regions of resorbed matrix containing an osteoclast - looks like a depression in surface of bone w/ osteoclast
49
Bone matrix composition
Inorganic (mostly calcium) and organic (type 1 collagen and ground substance)
50
Organic part of bone matrix
type I collagen ground substance chondroitin sulfate form proteoglycan hyaluronate aggregates glycoproteins: osteonectin; osteocalcin; osteopontin → bind everything to everything else
51
Types of bone
Cancellous, compact primary, secondary
52
Cancellous bone
spicules or trabeculae of bone united to form network found in interior of bone (e.g. idploe of skull, ends of long bones)
53
Compact bone
found on bone exteriors dense, thick layers
54
Primary bone
first bone tissue to appear during growth or repair woven bone irregular array of collagen fibers
55
Secondary bone
replaces primary bone parallel arrays of collagen lamellar deposition of matrix production of Haversian systems
56
Diaphysis of long bone
bone shaft between opposing epiphyseal plates primarily compact bone, but metaphysis is cancellous (spongy) periosteum endosteum marrow cavity
57
Metaphysis of long bone
distal end of diaphysis cancellous/spongy
58
Epiphysis of long bone
distal end of long bone articular hyaline cartilage cap (no perichondrium - just adjacent to synovial fluid) medullary cavity is cancellous with marrow cavity
59
Epiphyseal plate of long bone
junction between diaphysis and epiphysis hyaline cartilage in a child perichondrium continuous with periosteum Responsible for bone growth
60
Periosteum of compact bone
fibrous layer -fibroblasts, collagen, elastin, protection of bone Osteogenic layer (can’t normally see, unless fracture/growing) - Osteoblasts adjacent to bone surface, Osteoclasts if remodeling is underway, Osteoprogenitor cells – precursors to osteoblasts Blood vessels, nerves Sharpey's fibers: anchor periosteum to bone
61
endosteum of compact bone
between bone marrow and bone matrix layer of osteoblasts, osteoclasts and few osteogenic cells
62
Haversian System (Osteon)
concentric lamellae of bone usually don't exceed 10/osteon canaliculi (little processes) of osteocytes plane of collagen deposition perpendicular to adjacent lamellae - strength surround vascular passageways running longitudinally blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics
63
Volkmann's Canals
vascular passageways running radially not surrounded by bone lamellae blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics → Haversian canals or bone marrow cavity
64
Interstitial Lamellae of compact bone
remnants of partly resorbed osteons (incomplete osteons visible between complete osteons) no vessels
65
Outer Circumfrential Lamellae of compact bone
beneath periosteum usually do not completely encircle bone shaft
66
Inner circumfrential lamellae of compact bone
adjacent to endosteum incomplete
67
Bone development: _______ growth only
Appositional Growth Only (cannot grow by interstitial growth - mineralized) osteocytes are amitotic calcified matrix cannot expand - deposit onto already existing bone
68
Types of bone development
intramembranous, endochondral ossification ## Footnote Note: both types of ossification result in compact and cancellous bone tissue formation
69
Intramembranous ossification
embryonic CT precursor CT template is vascular gives rise to "membrane" bones = Skull, mandible, maxilla, clavicles
70
Endochondral ossification
hyaline cartilage precursor/template cartilage is avascular calcified cartilage matrix is removed
71
Intramembranous ossification: Primary Ossifcation center, Mineralization of Matrix, Spicule Formation, Cancellous and compact bone
differentiation of mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts, osteoid secretion encapsulation of osteoblasts --\> osteocytes, immature woven bone, mature lamellar bone small mineralized "fingers" of bone, surrounded by osteoblasts, fusion of adjacent spicules --\> trabeculae depends on degree of lamellar bone deposition and spacing of spicule and trabeculae
72
Endochondral ossification: bone collar formation
intramembranous ossification around diaphysis of cartilage template prevents diffusion into cartilage matrix calcification of cartilage matrix hypertrophy and destruction of chondrocytes resorption of matrix surrounding chondrocytes
73
Endochondral ossification: Primary Ossification Center
osteogenic bud invasion penetration of calcified cartilage by capillaries introduction of osteoprogenitor cells differentiation of osteoprogenitors into osteoblasts deposition of bone matrix on remnants of cartilage matrix first appearance of bone marrow precursors osteoclast resorption of cartilage matrix and remodeling of bone spicules, formation of medullary cavity expansion of bone collar further calcification of cartilage longitudinal expansion of bone deposition
74
Endochondral Ossification: Secondary OC
ossification of epiphysis no bone collar formation bone growth is radial articular cartilage remains epiphyseal cartilage continues appositional and interstitial growth
75
Ossification of Epiphyseal cartilage
Five zones based on chondrocyte disposition Closure of epiphyseal plate in young adult
76
5 zones based on chondrocyte diposition
resting – normal hyaline cartilage proliferative – high mitotic activity, columns of isogenous nests formed (stack of pancakes) hypertrophic – glycogen accumulation, very little matrix calcified – death of chondrocytes, deposition of hydroxyapatite + calcification ossification – osteoblasts and bone matrix appear
77
Synovial Joint
Synovial membrane, matrix, blood and lymphatic vessels
78
Synovial membrane
Fibroblasts (type B cells) - secrete synovial fluid, hyaluronate and GAGs - viscosity, hydrophilic, lubrication of joint, provides nutrients for articular cartilage macrophages (type A cells) not an epithelium (epithelioid-like though)
79
Synovial joint matrix
collagen ground substance adipose cells
80
Bone plasticity
stress induced remodeling (i.e. braces) fracture disuse hormone changes, developmental and pathological
81
Bone- calcium homeostasis, 2 hormones
99% of body calcium is in bone Parathyroid hormone – increases Ca resorption stimulates osteoclast activity (via binding to parathyroid hormone receptors on osteoblasts) and osteoclast numbers resorption of matrix Calcitonin – promotes calcium deposition inhibits osteoclast activity matrix deposition Produced by Thyroid gland
82
Scurvy
vitamin C deficiency improper collagen synthesis (hydroxyproline) weakness in epiphyseal plate, diaphysis loosening of teeth
83
Rickets
calcium deficiency in children Incomplete bone matrix calcification spicules distort under strain → bone deformation
84
Osteomalacia
calcium deficiency in adults deficient calcification of new bone decalcification of existing bone no bone distortion
85
Osteoporosis
Most common in postmenopausal women Bone tissue diminished – due to a more rapid destruction of bone by osteoclasts than osteoblast formation of bone Estrogen therapy helps alleviate this tendency but has many side effects (cancer, heart attacks), bisphosphonates more common now
86

Skin MS: Week 6 (12 decks)

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