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NLM1 (semester 2) > Histology of bone > Flashcards

Histology of bone Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

What primitive tissue does bone and cartilage differentiate from?

A

Mesenchymal tissue.

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2
Q

What is the skeleton of the fetus made from?

A

Cartilage

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3
Q

Functions of cartilage?

A

Shock absorber, acts as template for the growth of long bones, forms the protective covering of sliding bones in joints.

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4
Q

What are the three layers of cartilage?

A

Perichondrium

Cartilage cells

Cartilage ECM

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5
Q

what are the contents of the perichondrium?

A

Occupies the nerves, Lymphatics and blood vessels.

Collagen type I fibres and fibroblasts in the outer layers.

Inner layers have cartilage progenitor cells (stem cells)

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6
Q

What are the lacunae of bone?

A

Cavities in bone.

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7
Q

Three types of cells in cartilage and their position in the cartilage?

A

Chondroprogenitor cells/chondrogenic cells - lie in the inner layers of the perichondrium.

Chondroblasts - lie between the perichondrium and cartilage matrix.

Chondrocytes - Lie in lacunae in the ECM.

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8
Q

What makes up the ECM of cartilage?

Their function?

A

Proteoglycans and other proteins. Resilience.

Water. Makes Cartilage Smooth and rubbery, can act as a shock absorber

Collagen and elastic fibres - Provides tensile strength and pliability of cartilage.

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9
Q

Features of hyaline cartilage?

A

Made up of Collagen type II fibres,

chondrocytes appear as nests isogenous groups

Ground substance has relatively high water content

Has well developed Perichondrium (except in articular cartilage)

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10
Q

Features of Elastic cartilage?

A

Translucent (fresh)

Elastic fibres form the predominant type

Chondrocytes often form nests

Perichondrium is well developed

Strong, resilient but highly elasticated

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11
Q

Features of Fibrocartilage?

A

White (fresh)

composed of a mixture of dense regular CT & hyaline cartilage

Collagen type I fibres are predominant

Often has no defined perichondrium

Durable with high tensile strength & resistance to compression & pulling forces

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12
Q

Where can you find Elastic, Hyaline and fibrocartilage in the body?

A

Elastic - Found in the external ear, Eustachian tubes & epiglottis

Hyaline - Found in the major air pipes, articulating bone surfaces & foetal skeleton

Fibrocartilage - Found in the pubic symphysis, intervertebral disk

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13
Q

What are the steps that lead to the formation of cartilage?

A

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts and chondrogenic cells.

ECM is secreted by chondroblasts and then chondrcytes get trapped in lacunae inside the ECM

Chondrocytes divide forming nests of cells

Surrounding tissue become the perichondrium.

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14
Q

Type of growth of cartilage in the young at the epiphyseal growth plate?

A

Interstitial (from within) - cartilage not bone.

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15
Q

Two types of growth of cartilage?

A

Interstitial (from within)

Appositional (from the perichondrium/outside)

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16
Q

Process of interstitial growth in cartilage?

A

Proliferation of chondrocytes within the ECM

Formation of nest cells

New ECM deposited by nest cells

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17
Q

Process of appositional growth of cartilage?

A

Proliferation of chondrogenic cells in perichondrium

Differentiation chondroblasts secrete ECM and become trapped in lacunae.

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18
Q

The four components of bone?

A

Periosteum

Endosteum

Bone matrix (ECM)

Bone cells

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19
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

A layer of dense vascular Connective tissue, covering the outer surfaces of most bones.

Contains bone stem cells and bone forming cells (osteoblasts) so important for growth and repair.

Important attachment site for muscles, tendons and ligaments.

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20
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

A layer of bone stem cells and bone forming cells (osteoblasts) that line the cavities of bone.

Important for bone growth and repair.

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21
Q

What is the bone matrix made up of?

A

Organic matrix - called osteoid.

Inorganic minerals mostly calcium phosphate called hydroxyapatite.

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22
Q

What is osteoid?

A

Type I collagen fibres embedded in ground substance of proteoglycans, glycoproteins and water.

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23
Q

The three bone cells?

Study These Flashcards
A

Osteoprogenitor and osteoblasts

osteocytes

osteoclasts

24
Q

What is the function of osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts?

Study These Flashcards
A

osteoprogenitor differentiate into osteoblasts.

Osteoblasts secrete osteoid and mineralise it.

25
Where are osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts found?
Periosteum and endosteum.
26
Difference n osteoblasts in adults and young?
in young they are active rounded cells In adults they are fibrocyte-like mostly inactive cells.
27
Where are mature osteocytes located?
Lacunae in the ECM.
28
What is the function of osteocytes?
Maintain the bone ECM surrounding them.
29
What are the processes of osteocytes called?
Canaliculi.
30
What are osteoclasts?
Large multinucleate cells. Resorb bone. Located in eroded sites called how ships lacunae.
31
What hormones affect osteoclasts? Hpw?
PTH stimulates their activity Thyroid hormone (calcitonin) Inhibits.
32
Difference in immature/woven bone and mature/lamellar bone?
Mature - permanent, strong with a high mineral content immature - temporary, weak with a low mineral content.
33
The two functions of bone remodelling?
Replacement of woven (immature bone by strong lamellar bone (occurs mostly in the young) Modification of internal structure of bone.
34
Four different bone shapes?
Long Flat Short irregular
35
What types of bone are there in mature bone?
Cortical and cancellous
36
Features of compact/cortical bone?
Outer layer of long bones and outer plates of flat bones. Outer surface covered by the periosteum and the inner by the endosteum.
37
Three layers of compact bone?
Inner and outer circumferential lamellae. Osteons or haversion systems Interstitial lamellae
38
What are osteons?
Parallel cylindrical units, they are made up of haversion canals surrounded by many concentric bone lamellae and osteocytes.
39
What are Volkmann's canals?
They are canals that connect Haversian canals to each other, they run at right angles to Haversian canals.
40
How do osteocytes use the canals?
They absorb the nutrients through their processes.
41
Where is cancellous bone found?
The ends and centre of adult bone.
42
What are the bone cavities called?
The medullary (marrow cavity of shaft) The spaces between trabeculae of cancellous bone.
43
What is in the bone cavities?
Bone marrow, vessels and nerves.
44
What are the two different routes of bone formation? Without Details.
Intramembranous ossification. endochondral ossification.
45
What is intramembranous ossification?
Starts with primitive mesenchymal tissue, it forms flat bone and the clavicles.
46
What is endochondral ossification?
Starts with a hyaline cartilage model of the bone, this cartilage is used as a model for bone deposition. It forms long bones and pelvis and vertebrae.
47
Process of intramembranous ossification? (5)
1. Aggregation and proliferation of mesenchymal cells. 2. Differentiation into osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts. 3. Deposition and mineralization of osteoid, formation of spicules. 4. Spicules fuse and make the trabecular of cancellous bone and others make the outer and inner bone plates. 5. Other mesenchymal tissue differentiates into the periosteum, endosteum, bone marrow and platelets.
48
Process of endochondral ossification of long bones?
1. Mesenchymal tissue differentiates to primitive hyaline cartilage model of bone with a diaphysis and epiphyses. 2. Ossification starts in the perichondrium surrounding the diaphysis, forming a 'bone collar'. 3. Chondrocytes in the centre of diaphysis undergo hypertrophy and die, this forms cavities and thin septa of cartilage ECM. 4. Primary ossification of the diaphysis. 5. Secondary ossification at the centre of the epiphysis.
49
Steps in primary ossification in the centre of the diaphysis during endochondral ossification?
Osteoblasts attach themselves to the surfaces of cartilage remains These deposit osteoid and begin ints mineralization. Gradual replacement of cartilage ECM by bone through remodelling Bone spicules connect by remodelling forming the cancellous bone of diaphysis.
50
Steps in secondary ossification in the centre of each epiphysis?
Chondrocytes hypertrophy and die in the centre of the epiphysis. Osteoprogenitor cells invade and start ossification. The cartilage epiphysis fully ossify except in two regions - the articular hyaline cartilage and epiphyseal growth plates.
51
What is the function of the epiphyseal growth plate?
Source of bone growth until adulthood.
52
The zones of the epiphyseal growth plate?
1. Resting zone 2. Proliferative zone 3. Hypertrophy zone 4. Ossifying zone
53
How is the longitudinal growth of long bones in adolescence stopped?
Proliferation of chondrocytes gradually cease. Chondrocytes Hypertrophy and death Epiphyseal growth plates fully ossify and close Longitudinal growth stops but bones may still thicken by appositional growth.
54
What two things make up the intervertebral disc?
Annulus fibrosus : Concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage fuses with the articular cartilage of apposing vertebrae. Nucleus pulposus: A central gelatinous disc of collagen and hydrated proteoglycans.
55
What is a herniated (slipped) disc?
Tear or weakening of the posterior aspect of the annulus fibrosus - causing the protrusion of the nucleus fibrosus into the spinal cord.
56
Two types of muscle attachment to bone?
Direct: The Collagen fibres of the muscle insert into the periosteum and penetrate the bone matrix. Indirect: Muscle fibres insert into a tendon at a myotendinous junction.
57
Why are bones remodelled?
Enables adaptation to mechanical loading. Enables fracture healing. Prevents bone fatigue by continually renewing bone matrix.

NLM1 (semester 2) (8 decks)

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