HISTOLOGY (Urinary System) Flashcards by Chelsy Makinano

consists of two kidneys that filter the blood, two ureters, a urinary bladder,and a urethrato convey waste substances to the outside

Urinary System

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Kidneys filter blood to keep it pure
Dispose of nitrogenous wastes from blood
Regulate the balance of water and electrolytes, acids and bases
Production of the hormone renin and erythropoietin

Functions of Urinary

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A reddish brown, bean-shaped organ 12 centimeters long; it is enclosed in a tough, fibrous capsule.

Kidneys

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A medial depression in the kidney leads to a hollow renal sinus into which blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the ureter enter.

Kidney Structure

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The abdominal aorta gives rise to renal arteries leading to the kidneys.

Renal Blood Vessels

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What are the main structures of the mammalian kidney/Anatomy of Kidney

￭ RENAL CORTEX
￭ RENAL MEDULA
￭ RENAL PELVIS
￭ NEPHRONS

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concave depression of the surface of the kidney

RENAL SINUS

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point of entry for the renal artery,
renal vein, and ureter

HILUM

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expansion of the ureter that further
divides into calyces

RENAL PELVIS

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outermost portion of the kidney that covers the pyramids and dips down between them

RENAL CORTEX

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middle portion that also divides into renal pyramids

RENAL MEDULLA

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portion of the cortex between pyramids

RENAL COLUMN

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A kidney contains one million nephrons, each of which consists of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.

NEPHRONS

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Renal Corpuscle consists of three things:

GLOMERULUS
BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
URINARY SPACE

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A tuft of capillaries

GLOMERULUS

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The container that surrounds the
glomerulus

BOWMAN’S CAPSULE

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Two layers of Bowman’s Capsule

Viisceral and Parietal

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The space between the two layers of Bowman’s capsule (where urine collects)

URINARY SPACE

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It has a central cell body with primary processes.

Podocytes

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Each primary process gives rise to secondary processes called

Pedicels

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Foot processes from different podocytes interdigitate. Spaces between pedicels

Filtration slits

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3 things that comprise the filter are

⚬ Fenestrated endothelial cells
⚬ Basal lamina
⚬ Filtration slits between foot processes

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Made from fused basal laminae of endothelial cells and podocytes.

GLOMERULAR BASAL LAMINA

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The renal tubule leads away from the glomerular capsule and first becomes a highly coiled proximal convoluted tubule, then leads to the nephron loop, and finally to the distal convoluted tubule.

NEPHRONS

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deliver blood to the glomeruli

Afferent arterioles

carry blood from the glomeruli to peritubular capillaries

Efferent Arterioles

What are the Anatomy of Nephrons

* Glomerulus * Proximal tubule * Loop of Henle * Distal tubule

This is the only place in the system where the blood is actually “filtered.”

GLOMERULUS

Nutrients (salts, vitamins, etc.) are moved out of the tubule through active transport.

PROXIMAL TUBULE

Tissue around the Loop of Henle is salty, from active transport and diffusion of sodium chloride.

LOOP OF HENLE

Active transport is used to move more nutrients out of the concentrated urine.

DISTAL TUBULE

When sodium is high, macula densa cells trigger constriction of afferent arteriole, reducing blood flow to the glomerulus!

THE JUXTAGOMERULAR APPARATUS

More water leaves the tube by osmosis, since the tube is surrounded by salty tissue.

COLLECTING DUCT

After forming in the nephrons, urine passes from the collecting ducts to the renal papillae, then to the minor and major calyces, and out the renal pelvis to the ureters, urinary bladder, and finally to the urethra, which conveys urine to the outside.

URINE ELIMINATION

muscular tubes extending from the kidneys to the base of the urinary bladder.

URETERS

a hollow, distensible, muscular organ lying in the pelvic cavity.

URINARY BLADDER

a tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the outside.

URETHRA

External urethral orifice between vaginal orifice and clitoris

FEMALE URETHRA

Internal urethral sphincter (18cm long)

MALE BLADDER AND URETHRA

3 Regions of Male Bladder and Urethra

Prostatic Urethra Membranous Urethra Spongy Urethra

during orgasm receives semen

PROSTATIC URETHRA

passes through pelvic cavity

MEMBRANOUS URETHRA

Sudden loss of kidney function; may be reversible with treatment

ACUTE RENAL FAILURE

Kidneys slowly use ability to function; not reversible

CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE

Urinary bladder infection; more common in females

CYSTITIS

Inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney; one cause of chronic renal failure

GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

Inability to control urination

INCONTINENCE

Enlargement of kidneys because of the presence of many cysts within them; slow, progressive disease

POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Complicated UTI; starts with a bladder infection and spreads to both kidneys; can be acute or chronic.

PYELONEPHRITIS

Kidney stones; can become lodged in ducts within kidneys or ureters

RENAL CALCULI

filtering portion of nephrons

renal corpuscle

what does the space called between pedicels

filtration slits

It is a muscular tube with urethral glands that secrete mucus into the urethral canal.

Urethra

Some ions, drugs, and toxins are actively pumped into the tubule.

Distal Tubule

wall of ureter is composed of three layers:

mucuos coat, muscular coat, outer fibrous coat

wall of the urinary bladder is made up of four coats

mucuos coat, submucuos coat, muscular coat, outer serous coat

It is a muscular tube with urethral glands that secrete mucus into the urethral canal.

Urethra

The movement of substances from the blood within the glomerulus into the capsular space

Glomerular filtration

The movement of substances from the tubular fluid back into the blood

Tubular reabsorption

The movement of substances from the blood into the tubular fluid

Tubular secretion

filters small solutes from the blood

glomerulus

reabsorbs ions, water and nutrients, removes toxins

proximal convoluted tubule

aquaporins allow water to pass from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid

descending loop of henle

reabsorbs of sodium(Na) and chloride(Cl) from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid

ascending loop of henle

selectively secretes and absorbs different ions to maintain blood pH and electrolyte balance

distal tubule

reabsorbs solutes and water from the filtrate

collecting ducts

the kidneys are positioned

retroperitioneally

two distinct regions found within the kidney

renal cortex and renal medulla

houses tubes leading to the papillae

renal medulla

contains the nephrons, functional units of kidney

renal cortex

leads to a hollow renal sinus into which blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the ureter enter

medial depression

functions of urinary system

filter, dispose, regulate, production

gives rise to renal arteries leading to the kidneys

abdominal aorta

smaller arteries

interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries, and afferent arterioles

HISTOLOGY (Urinary System) Flashcards

(74 cards)