Histopath - Fundamentals

Question 1

What cells are these?

(Multilobed purple nuclei with pink granules)

Answer 1

Neutrophils

Question 2

What cells are these?

(Large cells with lots of cytoplasm)

Answer 2

Macrophages

Question 3

What cells are these?

(Huge dark purple nucelus)

Answer 3

Lymphocytes

Question 4

What cells are these?

(Blue granulation)

Answer 4

Plasma cells

Question 5

What cells are these?

(Bi-lobed nuceli (blue) with red granules)

Answer 5

Eosinophils

Question 6

What cells are these?

(Large cells containing lots of granules)

Answer 6

Mast cells

Question 7

What is the function of neutrophils?

Answer 7

Acute inflammmation

Question 8

What is the function of macrophages?

Answer 8

Late acute inflammation, usually phagocytic

Chronic inflammation -> becomes more secretory

Question 9

What is the function of lymphocytes?

Answer 9

Chronic inflammation

Question 10

What does lymphoma mean?

Answer 10

Sheets of lymphocytes

Question 11

What is the function of plasma cells?

Answer 11

Chronic inflammation

Prevalent in myelomas

Question 12

What is the function of eosinophils?

Answer 12

Allergic reactions

Parasitic infections

Tumours e.g., Hodgkin’s disease, SCC, MPD

Question 13

What is the function of mast cells?

Answer 13

Allergic reactions

Question 14

What is a carcinoma?

Answer 14

Malignancy of epithelial cells

Question 15

What are the 3 main tumour types within carcinomas?

Answer 15

1. Squamous cell
2. Adenocarcinomas
3. Transitional cell

Question 16

Which tumour cell type is this?

Answer 16

Squamous cell

Question 17

*Histological features of squamous cell tumours

Answer 17

• Intracellular bridges (appear as little prickles on edge of cells)
• Keratin production
• Do NOT form glands

Question 18

Sites of squamous cell tumours

Answer 18

• Skin, head, and neck
• Oesophagus (upper and middle 1/3)
• Anus, Cervix, Vagina

Question 19

Which tumour cell type is this?

Answer 19

Adenocarcinoma

Question 20

Histological features of adenocarcinoma cells

Answer 20

• From glandular epithelium
• Forms glands that can secrete substances (e.g., mucin)

Question 21

Sites of adenocarcinoma

Answer 21

• Lung
• Breast
• Stomach
• Colon
• Pancreas

Question 22

Which tumour cell type is this?

Answer 22

Transitional cell

Question 23

Histological features of transitional cell tumours

Answer 23

Epithelium can stretch

Question 24

Sites of transitional cell tumours

Answer 24

• Kidney pelvis
• Ureters
• Bladder

Question 25

Histochemical v ImmunoHistochemical stains

Answer 25

HistoChemical stain: based on chemical reaction between the stain and tissue ImmunoHistochemical stain: involves antibodies directed against a specific antigen which then detect antibody-antigen complexes

Question 26

What does +ve Fontana stain mean?

Answer 26

Melanin

Question 27

\*What does +ve Congo red stain mean?

Answer 27

Amyloid | (Apple green birefringence)

Question 28

What does +ve Prussian blue stain mean?

Answer 28

Iron | (Haemochromatosis)

Question 29

What do H&E stain for in Hemtoxylin and Eosin stain?

Answer 29

H stains for BASIC parts - purple/blue E stains for ACIDIC parts - red/pink

Question 30

How do immunofluorescence stains work?

Answer 30

Ab binds to Ag (Direct: Ab is fluorescently tagged, Indirect: a further fluorescently tagged Ab binds to Ab-Ag complex)

Question 31

How do Immunoperoxidase stains work?

Answer 31

Ab binds to Ag in tissue -\> then you add **enzyme** to Ab + additional **substrate** -\> product has a specific **colour change**

Question 32

\*What is called when you have discontinuation of epithelium

Answer 32

Ulcer

Question 33

\*Nutmeg liver

Answer 33

right sided/ congestive cardiac failure

Question 34

\*Rhodamine stain

Answer 34

For copper - Wilson's can present w personality changes and parkinsons vibes oo

Question 35

\*Prussian blue stain, diabetes, fatty stools, weight loss, ‘slate grey skin’ and joint pains

Answer 35

Haemochromatosis

Question 36

\*Fistula

Answer 36

connection between two epithelial surfaces

Question 37

\*Non-caseatng v caseating granuloma

Answer 37

Non-caseating: Crohn's & sarcoidosis Caseating: TB