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Leila's Yr 5 Pathology > Histopathology 11 - Neuro-oncology > Flashcards

Histopathology 11 - Neuro-oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Primary or secondary brain tumours more common?

A

Secondary brain tumours 10x more common

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2
Q

Second most common cancer in children?

A

Brain tumours (after leukaemia)

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3
Q

radiological classification of brain tumours

A

Extra-axial (brain coverings) and intra-axial (brain parenchyma)

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4
Q

cancer of embryonal cells in brain –> ?

A

Medulloblastoma (in children)

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5
Q

What brain cell of origin do most brain tumours arise from?

A

GLIAL CELLS

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6
Q

Neurofibromatosis 1 –> which brain tumours?

A

Neurofibroma, pilocytic astrocytoma

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7
Q

Nf2 –> Which brain tumours?

A

schwannomas, meningioma

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8
Q

Tuberous sclerosis –> which tumours?

A

Hamartomas

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9
Q

vHL –> which tumours?

A

Haemangioblastomas

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10
Q

Most common genetic syndrome associated with brain tumours

A

Neurofibromatosis (AD)

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11
Q

Symptoms of supretentorial (cerebrum) lesions

A

Focal neurological deficits, seizures, personality changes

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12
Q

Symptoms of subtentorial (Cerebellar) lesions

A

Cerebellar ataxia, cranial nerve dysfunction

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13
Q

Which tumours require radiotherapy?

A

Low and high grade gliomas, mets

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14
Q

Which tumours require chemotherapy?

A

high grade gliomas

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15
Q

Most common primary CNS tumours

A

GLIAL TUMORUS

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16
Q

Tumour differentiation/grading process

A 
Determined by histology, predicts prognosis
Grade I = benign, long term sruvival
Grade II = cause death in >5 years
Grade III = cause death in <5 years
Grade IV = cause death in <1 year

DOES NOT CONSIDER RESPONSE TO TREATMENT, IT GUIDES TREATMENT

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17
Q

Is there a staging system for CNS tumours?

A

No (except for medulloblastoma)

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18
Q

How can glial tumours be divided?

A 
Circumscribed gliomas (children, grade I-II)
Diffuse gliomas (adults, grade 2+)
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19
Q

Glial cells (6x)

A

Astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, microglia and satellite cells

20
Q

Common mutation in circumscribed glial tumorus

A

BRAF (MAPK pathway)

21
Q

Common mutation in diffuse glial tumorus

A

IDH1/2 (POSITIVE PROGNOSTIC FACTOR)

22
Q

Example of a common circumscribed glioma

A

Pilocytic astrocytoma

23
Q

Most common child brain tumour

A

Pilocytic astrocytoma

24
Q

Where in the brain are pilcoytic astrocytomas commonly found?

A

CEREBELLAR

25
Q

Piloid (hair cell), Rosenthal fibres

A

Pilocytic astrocytoma

26
Q

Common location of diffuse gliomas

A

Cerebral hemispheres

27
Q

EXAMPLES OF DIFFUSE GLIOMAS

A

Diffuse astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma

28
Q

What will a diffuse astrocytoma eventually progress to?

A

Malignant transformation to GBM

29
Q

Most common and most aggressive type of glioma in adults?

A

GBM

30
Q

What WHO grade is GBM?

A

Grade IV

31
Q

Most common subtype of primary brain cancer?

A

DE NOVO GBM

32
Q

Microvascular prolifération and neoangiogenesis on cytology

A

GBM

33
Q

GBM, IDH wildtype

A

De novo GBM, 90% of GBM cases, worst prognosis

34
Q

GBM, IDH mutation

A

GBM secondary to diffuse astrocytoma progression

35
Q

Age of patients with oligodendroglioma and diffuse astrocytoma

A

20-40s

36
Q

Age in GBM

A

> 50

37
Q

Round cells with clear cytoplasm “fried eggs”

A

Oligodendroglioma

38
Q

Prognosis of oligodendroglioma vs astrocytoma

A

Much better, more amenable to resection, better chemo and radio-therapy response

39
Q

Pilocytic astrocytomas associated with which genetic condition?

A

NF type I

40
Q

Multiple meningiomas?

A

NF2

41
Q

2nd most common primary brain tumour after gliomas

A

Meningiomas

42
Q

what is the grade of a meningioma based on?

A

Mitotic activity

43
Q

Most frequent CNS tumour in adults?

A

Mets

44
Q

Most frequent primary tumours in metastatic brain cancer

A

lung, breast and melanoma

45
Q

2nd most common brain tumour in children?

A

Medulloblastoma

46
Q

Location of medulloblastomas

A

Cerebellum

47
Q

“small blue round cell” in brain

A

Medulloblastoma (like Willm’s tumour it is a blastoma i.e of primitive cell line)

Leila's Yr 5 Pathology (100 decks)

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