Microbiology 8 - Vaccines

Question 1

what is R0?

Answer 1

The average number of people 1 infected person will infect

Question 2

3 types of memory cell

Answer 2

Memory B cells
Memory T helper cells
Memory cytotoxic killer T cells

Question 3

2 types of polio vaccine and which subtype of vaccine are each?

Answer 3

Oral polio virus (Sabin) = live attenuated

IPV (Salk) = inactivated

Question 4

-ves of inactivated vaccines

Answer 4

Requires boosters and adjuvants

Poor immunogenicity

Question 5

examples of inactivated vaccines

Answer 5

influenza, polio (IPV), cholera, HepA, rabies, pertussis

Question 6

Examples of live attenuated viruses

Answer 6

MMR, BCG, VZV, Oral Polio (Sabin), Yellow fever - MMR BVOY

Question 7

-ves of a live vaccine

Answer 7

Harder to store
Risk of virulence
Cannot give to immunocompromised or pregnant patients

Question 8

Examples of toxoid vaccines

Answer 8

Tetanus, diphtheria

Question 9

which live vaccine can HIV patients have?

Answer 9

MMR but not BCG or Yellow fever

Question 10

Examples of subunit vaccines

Answer 10

HBV (HbS antigen), HPV (capsid)

Question 11

Examples of conjugate vaccines

Answer 11

nHS bactéria vaccines e.g. Meningococcus, pneumococcus, HiB

Question 12

what do conjugate vaccines require?

Answer 12

Adjuvants

Question 13

Define an adjuvant

Answer 13

Change immune response without altering its specificity e.g. Alum

Question 14

what condition can measles sometimes be associated with?

Answer 14

ITP –> thrombocytopenia

Question 15

what does the OPV sometimes cause?

Answer 15

Guillain Barre syndrome

Question 16

what does the effective R0 need to be?

Answer 16

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Question 17

To eliminate a disease with a vaccine, what are the requisites of success?

Answer 17

1. No animal reservoir
2. Antigenically stable pathogen with 1/few strains
3. No latent reservoir of infection
4. Vaccine must induce a lasting immune response