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Developmental Psychology > Historical Perspective, Scientific Theories & Themes > Flashcards

Historical Perspective, Scientific Theories & Themes Flashcards

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1
Q

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

A
  • Origin of species

* Baby Biographies

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2
Q

Arnold Gesell (1880-1961)

A
  • U.S Born
  • Psychologist & physician
  • Nativist; Maturation (born with knowledge)
  • Mapped out observing children, developed the growth chart
  • believed children should be studied biologically
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3
Q

Konrad Lorenz (1930’s)

A
  • Zoologist/ethologist
  • Looked into IMPRINTING
  • Whoever is seen first is considered to be the caregiver to the infant
  • Found that there are sensitive periods in language in bonding; child should see the caregiver to create a strong bond
  • Critical period has not been found
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4
Q

John Bowly (1960’s-1980’s)

A
  • Ethology & Psychoanalystical
  • Bowlby’s attachment theory
  • Emotional bond btwn. caregiver that develops during sensitive period.
  • Children’s emotional issues is a result of lack of attachment to a primary caregiver during infancy
  • Infants are born WITH characteristics meant to keep the mother close & nurturing (i.e: smell, soft skin)
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5
Q

What are the developmental stages?

A
  • Conception to birth
  • Infancy & toddlerhood
  • Early childhood, preschool
  • Middle childhood, school age
  • Adolescence
  • Emerging adulthood
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6
Q

What is the age range of conception to birth?

A

~9 months

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7
Q

What is the age range of infancy & toddlerhood?

A

Birth to 3

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8
Q

What is the age range of early childhood, preschool?

A

3 to 5

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9
Q

What is the age range of Middle childhood, school age?

A

6 to 12

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10
Q

What is the age range of adolescence?

A

13 to 18

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11
Q

What is the age range of emerging adulthood?

A

18 to ~25

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12
Q

What are other terms representing the Nature vs. Nurture theme?

A
  • Developmental vs. Learned behavior
  • Emergent skills vs. Acquired skills
  • Maturation vs. learning
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13
Q

What is maturation?

A

Biological development according to a plan contained in the genes

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14
Q

What is learning?

A

A process through which our experiences produce relatively permanent changes in our feelings, thoughts & behaviors.

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15
Q

What are other developmental themes?

A
  • Continuity vs. Discontinuity
  • Normative vs. Idiographic
  • Universal vs. Cultural
  • Active vs. passive
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16
Q

What is continuity?

A
  • Gradual changes
  • Build on skills
  • Learning
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17
Q

What is discontinuity?

A
  • Abrupt changes
  • Qualitatively different
  • Biological changes
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18
Q

What is normative?

A

Development of the “average” child

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19
Q

What is idiographic?

A

Variations seen in individual child

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20
Q

What is universals of development?

A
  • Physical changes associated w/ biology
  • Babbling in native language
  • Happens regardless of culture, race
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21
Q

What are cultural differences?

A
  • Depends on expectations of culture

* Goals of parenting practices (socialization)

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22
Q

In the renaissance period (1600’s, 1700’s) what were the believes of how children were born?

A
  • St. Nicholas
  • Children should not be mistreated, should be treated with warmth & affection
  • Stubborn Child Act of Massachusetts, put to child to death for misbehaving? Said that no child was put to death under this law.
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23
Q

Medieval Perspective on children?

A
  • Largely a christian view
  • Children are born into sin & evil
  • More responsibility, miniature adults
  • Harsh disciplines to get the child to act how the parent desires
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24
Q

Historical context on child development

A
  • Eurocentric History
  • Male perspective, almost no mention of girls
  • Philosophies regarding good & evil
  • Environment or predetermined?
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25
Ancient Europe (Rome, Greece) view on children & child development?
* Put children to death as sacrifice * Child looked upon as property of adults * Used as wanted/needed
26
What is the intention of developmental theories?
* To describe, predict & explain changes in behavior over the life span – from conception to death * Attempt to organize & summarize existing facts * Should allow us to make predictions
27
John Locke
* Environmentalist * 1600's british philosopher * Children are born as a blank slate or TABLA RASA * Believed children are born equal
28
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
* 1700's, french *  Believes children are born good, pure & with a conscious *  Believed children would have good outcomes * Parents role to be there & keep them good & pure *  Nobel Savage
29
What are the 3 parts of the personality according to Freud?
* Id *  Ego *  Superego
30
What is Id?
*  Pleasure principle | * No contact with reality
31
What is ego?
* Reality principle * According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world.
32
What is superego?
* Morality, conscience | * Our sense of right from wrong
33
What is Freud's Psychosexual Model?
* 0-1: Oral * 1-3: Anal * 3-6: Phallic * 6-12: Latency * 12-18: Genital
34
What is the oral stage?
* 0-2 Yrs *  Orally fixated * Focus on oral pleasure (i.e. breast feeding & putting everything to the mouth)
35
What is the Anal stage?
* 2-3 yrs * Focus on pleasure on the anus *  Potty training
36
What is the Phallic stage?
* 3-6 years old * family romance * focus on pleasure is on the penis/clitoris
37
What is the latency stage?
* 6-12 yrs * Sexual drive goes underground * Gives energy to schooling
38
What is the genital stage?
* 12+ yrs. | *  Adult sexuality
39
What is Erik Erikson's Psychosocial theory?
* 8 stages from birth to old age * 0-1: Basic trust (problems may occur if this stage isn't established) * 1-3: Autonomy vs. Shame & doubt (becoming more independent, separate from adults, similar to adolescence?) * 3-4: Initiative vs. guilt * 6-12: Industrious vs. Inferiority (master skills or feeling enable) * 12-20: Identity vs. Role confusion (establishing identity) * Adult: Intimacy vs. Isolation
40
What is Lev Vygotsky's theory on cognitive development?
*  Emphasized social context *  Who we are based on culture & context * Knowledge acquired through culture * Internalization
41
What is internalization?
Incorporating knowledge & thinking through interactions
42
What is vygotsky's info processing model?
1. Content 2. Tools of intellectual adaption 3. Dialectal Process 4. Scaffolding (building on skills) 5. Internalization 6. Zone of proximal development: learn somethings alone w/ guidance of adults
43
John B. Watson
* Behaviorist *  Influenced by John Locke * Classical conditioning *  Study of little Albert (associated all furry things w/ a loud bang) * Born w/ a blank slate & that children can be conditioned by manipulating environment
44
Reinforcers
Increases behavior
45
Punishers
Decrease behavior
46
Operant conditioning; B.F Skinner
*  Enviormentalist * Reinforcers *  Punishers
47
Social Learning; Albert Bandura
* Enviormentalist *  Observational learning/Modeling * Experiment w/ Bobo Dolls
48
What is Ethology?
Looking at human development in the context of studying animal behavior
49
What is Urie Bronfenbrenner's Model?
* Microsystem * Mesosystem * Exosystem * Macrosystem * Chronosystem * Development: unique characteristics of child interact w/ child surroundings
50
What is microsystem?
Direct relationship w/ child (i.e parents, teachers)
51
What is mesosystem?
Interaction btwn. those who have direct relationship w/ child in the microsystem (i.e teacher & parents getting along to collaborate to child's success)
52
What is the exosytem?
* Not so direct * Ex: Parents boss, school board *  Parent's boss has effect on child bc the boss can affect the parents mood
53
What is macrosystem?
* Attitudes & ideologies of the culture | * ex: court system protecting children, views on male v. female
54
What is chronosystem?
How things might change overtime
55
Classical Conditioning
• Pavlov experiment with the dog, food & salvate
56
Piagets Theory
*  Stage theorist | * cognitive dev.
57
Psychoanalytical Theories
Emphasis on emotional conflict as motivation for change (development)
58
Sigmund Freud
* Psychoanalyst | *  Stage theorist
59
Erik Erikson
*  Psychosocial theory | * Stage theorist
60
Cognitive Development Theories
• Behavior guided by thinking
61
Lev Vygotsky
*  Cognitive Dev | * socio-cultural
62
Learning theories (environmental)
Behavior is acquired through a learning process

Developmental Psychology (15 decks)

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