Parenting, Family Factors: Siblings & Divorce & Maltreatment & Trauma

Question 1

Diana Baumrind - Level of warmth/responsiveness

Answer 1

• degree to which parent responds to child’s need in an accepting & supporting manner

Question 2

Diana Baumrind - Level of demandingness/control

Answer 2

• degree to which parents expects/demands mature, responsible behavior from the child

Question 3

What are the characteristics of an authoritative parent?

Answer 3

• High demandingness/control & High Acceptance/ Responsiveness
  • warm, but firm
  • use reasoning
  • children are more cheerful, more creative, achievement oriented

Question 4

What are the characteristics of an authoritarian parent?

Answer 4

• High on control/demandigness & low on acceptance/ responsiveness
  •place high value on obedience & conformity
  • more punitive
  • do not encourage independent behavior
  •children more unfriendly & unhappy

Question 5

What are the characteristics of permissive/indulgent parents?

Answer 5

• Low on control/demandigness & high on acceptance/responsiveness
  •great deal of warmth & acceptance, but few if any rules
  • children are more impulsive, lower self-control, more agressive, bossy & self centered

Question 6

What are the characteristics of indifferent/uninvolved/neglectful parent?

Answer 6

• Low demandingness/control & low acceptance/responsiveness
  • low on warmth & low dimension of control
  • parents may be disinterested in parenting
  • children are more agressive, worse in school

Question 7

What are some racial/ethnic differences in parenting styles?

Answer 7

• higher authoritative = whites
• higher authoritarian = minorities
• may be ok in different environments

Question 8

What are some indirect effects of marital conflicts

Answer 8

• Parents tend to be more cold & unresponsive

* Poor limit setting= children tend to be more angry, non compliant.

Question 9

What are some direct effects of marital conflicts?

Answer 9

• according to Mark Cummings

• distress in presence of conflict
• more distress if conflict unresolved

Question 10

What are some effects of divorce?

Answer 10

• 60% of new (first time married) couples divorce (today)
• 9% of new couples divorced in the 1960’s
• Risks for children
• Poor academic performance
• Higher school drop out
• Conduct problems (esp. boys)
• Low self-esteem
• Early sexual activity
• Substance use
• Later relationship problems

Question 11

What are some factors that impact adjustment?

Answer 11

• Level of conflict before divorce
• Level of conflict during and after divorce
• Financial difficulties and poverty (economic warfare)
• High levels of parental distress
• Greater numbers of life changes and disruptions
• Level of involvement by non-custodial parent

Question 12

What are some effects due to single parenting?

Answer 12

• If single parenting due to death child does well academically & emotionally.
• Single parent families more likely to fall below the poverty line (increases parental stress & decreases parenting skill, which affects child well-being).
• Lower academic achievement
• More psychological problems
• Affects parents ability to parent effectively
• Emotional parentification: Children becoming more concerced about parents emotional needs more than their own.
  Can contribute to development of competence & maturity for older children
  Can be an overwhelming burden for younger children

Question 13

What are some facts about single parents home by race/ethnicity?

Answer 13

• 16% Asian / Pacific Islander
• 24% Non-Hispanic Whites
• 40% Hispanic /Latinos
• 53% American Indian
• 67% African American **

Question 14

Father involvement

Answer 14

• have been found to be equally nurturing & competent
• infants (children) become attached to fathers
• results in children w/ father involvement= children better academically & behavioral regardless if the father is living in the household or not.

Question 15

What are some of the effects of remarriage?

Answer 15

• Academic performance does not increase over the level they achieved in a single-parent family
• Adjustment & well being lower

Question 16

Remarriage & Step families; Sleeper effects

Answer 16

In adolescence:

• Greater problems for girls
• Fewer problems for boys

Question 17

Issues of poverty

Answer 17

Children in poverty are more likely to have academic failure, poor physical health, and behavior problems

38% of children in the U.S. grow up in low income and impoverished households

Much higher rates for minority youth

Child poverty sometimes secondary to parental divorce and separation

Question 18

What is Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Model?

Answer 18

• Microsystem
• Mesosystem
• Exosystem
• Macrosystem
• Chronosystem
• Development: unique characteristics of child interact w/ child surroundings

Question 19

What is microsystem?

Answer 19

Direct relationship w/ child (i.e parents, teachers)

Question 20

What is mesosystem?

Answer 20

Interaction btwn. those who have direct relationship w/ child in the microsystem (i.e teacher & parents getting along to collaborate to child’s success)

Question 21

What is the exosytem?

Answer 21

• Not so direct
• Ex: Parents boss, school board
• Parent’s boss has effect on child bc the boss can affect the parents mood

Question 22

What is macrosystem?

Answer 22

• Attitudes & ideologies of the culture

* ex: court system protecting children, views on male v. female

Question 23

What is chronosystem?

Answer 23

How things might change overtime

Question 24

What is the importance of sibling relationships?

Answer 24

• Outgrow any other relationship in terms of time
• Unique relationship bc sibling may play many roles such as care giver, challenger, teacher, companion, can also be negative (negative role model)

Question 25

What are some findings on first-born child based on personality research?

Answer 25

- High achievers | - Behave more responsibly

Question 26

What are some findings on middle child based on personality research?

Answer 26

- Socially skilled | - Popular

Question 27

What are some findings on youngest child based on personality research?

Answer 27

- Spoiled

Question 28

What are some findings on first borns (according to Sulloway's 1997, Born to rebel)

Answer 28

- Conservative | - Conforming

Question 29

What are some findings on later borns (according to Sulloway's 1997, Born to rebel)

Answer 29

- Unconventional | - Rebellious

Question 30

What have large scale studies showed on birth order?

Answer 30

- There have not been consistently confirmed personality differences based on birth order

Question 31

What did the reading say about the only child?

Answer 31

- only child may have social disadvantage (no sibling to teach them something. - Uniqueness may place them at a disadvantage - Quality of parent-child relationship is unique (may see parents anxiety for having first child & has all of the parents attention)

Question 32

How does the only child turn out?

Answer 32

- High achievement - Good adjustment - Strong character - Positive social relationships

Question 33

Emotional parentification

Answer 33

Children becoming more concerced about parents emotional needs more than their own. Can contribute to development of competence & maturity for older children Can be an overwhelming burden for younger children

Question 34

What are some effects of marital conflict?

Answer 34

High conflict increase anxiety in children

Question 35

What are some effects of divorce on

Answer 35

- On average children whose parents divorce experience more adjustment problems as they grow or develop - 20-25% from divorced parents experience behavior problems boys: more disobedient, aggressive, demanding & lacking self-control – externalizing behavior problems. - More likely to get a divorce themselves in the future - Preschool children = may become more aggressive towards peers, may experience separation anxiety School age children = may react to divorce with sadness & depression - Adolescence= may respond w/ problem behavior

Question 36

Information on adoptive families

Answer 36

- The older a child is at adoption, the greater the risk of behavioral problems

Question 37

Information on gay & lesbians as parents

Answer 37

- No evidence to support negative outcomes for children with gay or lesbian parents - No evidence to support difference in gender role development and sexual identity - No evidence to support differences in sexual orientation

Question 38

What are some issues related to grandparents as parents?

Answer 38

- Because of the possible circumstances that grandparents became parents (may not have legal rights) they may have difficulties taking care of the grandchild’s needs (such as enrolling the child in school, and giving permission for medical care)

Question 39

What is the role of trauma in relation to child development?

Answer 39

- After a traumatic event child may be left w/ the feeling that their world is not secure or predictable - Immediate reactions such as.. Nightmares Loss of interest in normal activities Lack of concentration Anger Sadness Somatic complaints (stomachaches or headaches) Some may re-experience the trauma

Question 40

What is emotional deprivation?

Answer 40

The lack of adequate and appropriate interpersonal and environmental interaction

Question 41

What is emotional abuse?

Answer 41

a form of abuse characterized by a person subjecting or exposing another to behavior that may result in psychological trauma, including anxiety, chronic depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder.