Prenatal, Perinatal & Parental Transitions Flashcards
(64 cards)
1
Q
Gametes
A
• Sperm: 200-300 million cells daily & begins in puberty
• Eggs: 400,000 immature cells & are present at birth
- only 400-500 mature
2
Q
Conception
A
- Sperm meets ovum (unfertilized egg) & fertilization occurs
* Both biological parents contribute 23 chromosomes
3
Q
Pathways to parenthood: Deciding
A
- lifestyle they want to live
- heritable diseases
- egg count & egg health of female
- sperm count & sperm health of male
- same sex partner
- single parent?
4
Q
Ways to parenthood
A
- Intercourse
- Artificial insemination
- Gamete intrafallopian transfer
- Invivo fertilization
- Invitro fertilization
- Surrogate mother
- Adoption
5
Q
Artificial Insemination
A
• Sperm donor
6
Q
Invitro fertilization
A
- eggs removed from ovulary & put in petri dish, then transfer embryo to the uterus.
- people do this when the fallopian tube is damaged
- unknown infertility
- females with ovulation disorders
- tubes tied
7
Q
Gamete intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)
A
- Fertilization happens in the tube and not in the lab
- Egg & sperm transfered into the fallopian tube
- Tubes must be healthy
8
Q
Invivo fertilization
A
Fertilization that occurs in the womb
9
Q
What are the effects of assistance in reproduction
A
- Higher likelihood of multiples
* Increased rate of preterm & low birth weight in babies
10
Q
Adoption as an option
A
- If the parents are infertile
* Mother possibly may not want to deal with uncontrollable changes in the body
11
Q
Prenatal Developmental Stages
A
- Zygotic/Germinal Stage (conception-2 weeks)
- Embryonic Stage (2-9 weeks)
- Fetal Stage (9 weeks-38 weeks)
12
Q
Zygotic/Germinal Stage
A
- Sperm penetrates egg =fertilization
- Once fertilization occurs and a zygote (fertilized egg) is created outside of egg thickens so that no other sperm enters the egg
- Zygote to the fallopian tube & cell division begins
- Implantation in uterus occurs
- Blastocyst= balls of cells form
- Inner cell= becomes embryo
- outter cell= tropoblast (placenta & chorion)
13
Q
Zygotic/Germinal Stage: Blastocyst: Inner cell
A
Becomes embryo
14
Q
Zygotic/Germinal Stage: Blastocyst: Outter cell (tropoblast)
A
Support system in pregnancy: placenta & chrorion
15
Q
Embryonic Stage
A
- Support system
- Period of rapid development (sensitive, practically critical period)
- Period most at risk from teratogens
- Fetal Membranes
16
Q
Fetal Membranes in Fetal Stage
A
- Amnion inside chorion
- Chorion = gives rise to placenta
- Amnion = cushions & protects fetus
17
Q
Ectodermin Fetal Stage
A
- skin
- sensory
- organs
- brain
- spinal cord
18
Q
Mesoderm in Fetal Stage
A
- Muscles
- Blood
- Bones
- Circulatory system
19
Q
Endoderm in Fetal Stage
A
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Liver
- Pancreas
20
Q
Organogenesis in Fetal Stage
A
- development of organs
- heart begins to beat
- miscarriage is common (50-80% due to chromosomal abnormalities)
- Cephalocaudal direction of development
21
Q
Cephalaudal development
A
• Development from the head down through the lower part of the body
22
Q
Fetal development (9 weeks-38 weeks)
A
- can tell sex
- muscular development
- Quickening (kicking)
- facial features
- development of senses
- sucking, swallowing, hiccups (5 months)
- eyes open & close (6 months)
- Brain connections
23
Q
Age of Viability (6.5 months/28 weeks)
A
- immature systems
- lung development
- respiratory system of most control
24
Q
Fathers prenatal experience
A
- support for mother: emotionally, physically & financially
- sympathetic pregnancy: experience some symptoms of pregnancy
- 11-65% men experience weight gain, mood swings, etc.,
25
Having a healthy pregnancy
- prenatal pregnancy
- prenatal medical care
- maternal diet
- stress management
26
Teratogens
Non-genetic agents that can cause abnormal prenatal development
27
Maternal Illness
- Rubella
- Syphilis
- HIV
28
Maternal Illness: Rubella
- German measles
| - Damage to the CNS= Blind, deaf, mental retardation, heart, liver, bone structure
29
Maternal Illness: Syphilis
- exposure in 4th-5th month
- Damage to CNS
- Damage in bone structure including teeth
30
Maternal Illness: HIV
- Fewer than 2% of women w/ HIV have children that are HIV positive if mother remains on medication
- 200-300 children born with HIV
31
Effects of Thalidomide use during pregnancy
- 60's sedative
- deformed limbs
- defect in internal organs
- brought to light effects of drug use during pregnancy
32
Effects of heroin use during pregnancy
- Increase chance of premature birth
- withdrawal symptoms: tremors
- Irritability
- growth retardation
- increased likelihood of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SID)
33
Effects of Cocaine use during pregnancy
- Reduced blood flow in placenta
- increased likelihood of SID
- Risk of miscarriage
- Risk of still-birth
- Risk of premature birth
- born irritable, inconsolable, shaky, irregular patterns including sleep/wake cycle patterns
- if still using after: could effect maternal bonding
34
Effects of Marijuana use during pregnancy
- most commonly used illicit drug
| - results: low birth weight, growth retardation
35
Effects of Nicotene use during pregnancy
- including second hand
- low birth weight
- 25-56% to die as an infant (neo-nataly)
- 50% more likely to develop cancer
- likely to have respiratory issues like asthma
- SIDS
- ADHD
- Learning disabilities
36
Effects of Prescription Drugs use during pregnancy
- should be avoided & if use should be discussed with a physician
37
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
- Known since 70's
- abnormal facial features
* smooth ridge
* thin upper lip
* eyes look apart
- CNS
* smaller head size
* significant changes in the structure of the brain
- functional defects
* low IQ, learning disabilities
* attention prob./ hyperactivity
* executive function (planning, organizing, grasping cause & effect)
* social skills, immature for age
38
Environmental exposures
* Lead poisoning (e.g: lead base paint, effects brain dev. adhd like system)
* Mercury (in vaccinations?) limit fish during pregnancy
* Radiation (effects cell dev)
39
Fawcette's study: advantages of having a 1st child
1. Excitement to life
2. Someone to give/receive love
3. Strengthen the bond btwn. parents
40
Fawcette's study: disadvantages of having a 1st child
1. Financial resources
2. Loss of freedom
3. Worry (safety, health of child)
41
Fawcettes Study
* 3 Advantages/Disadvantages
* Overall joyful & stressful
* 75% children are their main satisfaction
* Only 8% regret parental responsibility
42
Postpartum Depression (baby blues)
```
• Less involved with children
• negative when interacting w/ children
• children of depressed mothers
1. higher behavior problems
2. lower cognitive functions
• Higher rate of maternal depression in low resource countries
```
43
Cultural Norms
* Medicalized culture (epidural, prenatal vitamins, ultra sounds, blood tests)
* Father presence in birthing room
* Breast Feeding
* Increasing use of mid-wives, doulas, birthing centers
44
3 Stages of Perinatal Period
1. Contractions/ Active Labor
a. contractions become larger, stronger & more frequent.
b. cervix dilated 4cm
c. lasts 3-8 hrs
2. Delivery
a. baby moves into position
b. urge to push
3. After birth
a. delivery to placenta
45
Risks: Maternal Death
* having a child, 1 of the biggest health risks for women WORLDWIDE
* 1500 die everyday
46
Anoxia
Oxygen deficiency to cells can produce tissue damage, brain damage.
47
Anoxia Mechanisms
1. Umbilical cord wrapped around the neck
2. Rip, Tears in the placenta
3. Medication effecting the breathing of a child
4. Breach Birth (not positioned properly)
5. Mucus
6. RH factor
48
Infant mortality
* 1,000 live births
| * increases in preterm deliveries
49
Effects of low birth weight
* less than 5 pounds, 4 ounces
| * developmental issues
50
Neonatal
After birth
51
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SID'S)
* Infant dies suddenly without reason
* usually during the night
* happens btwn 1- 12 month olds
* highest risk 2-4 months
* 3,000 cases anually
52
"Back to sleep"
• lay the child on their back to sleep to prevent accidents
53
"Tummy Time"
• To develop motor skills
54
Neonatal Assesments
1. Apgar Exam
| 2. Brazelton
55
What does the Apgar Exam Examine?
* Administered @ birth
* Ranges on a scale of 0-10
* Up to 2 pts. each
* Lower #'s signify an issue
* Appearance/ Color
* Pulse, Heart rate (much higher than adults)
* Grimace (look for response)
* Activity (movement, muscle tone)
* Resperation (strong-shallow-no breath)
56
What does the Brazelton examine?
```
• 1 week old & done later on in infancy
• ability to interact
1. Attention
2. Muscle tone
3. Movement
4. Control of alertness (habituation)
```
57
Habituation
Paying less attention to stimuli you have already been exposed to
58
6 states of arousal
1. Quiet-deep sleep
2. Active-light sleep
3. Drowsiness
4. Alert inactivity
5. Alert activity
6. Crying
59
Changing sleep paterns
* new borns sleep up to 18 hrs/day
* REM Sleep
* Autostimulation
* 5-6 wks= adopt 24 hr schedule
* 12-16 wks=typically sleeping through the night & awake during the day
60
REM Sleep
* Rapid eye movement
| * might promote brain development in infancy
61
Autostimulation
• REM Decreases as brain develop increases
62
Breast Feeding Advantages
* antibodies for immune systems
* natural for babies
* reduced risk of allergies to milk
* postive effect on mothers mood (octyocins)
* Weight management
63
Breast Feeding Disadvantages
* Responsibility vs. parental
* mother is busier, ability to rest?
* father inclusion? less bonding?
64
Iron defficiancy
* begins to modify the brains metabolism
| * 19/21 studies reported poorer mental, motor & social functions
