Historiography Flashcards
(33 cards)
Argument of Daly (Imperialism)
British occupied Egpyt in 1882, debate over whether Cromer good or bad for Egypt, but his sole focus on agriculture left Egypt exposed to market fluctuation, parties had decline British rule by end of WW1, liberal age failed due to British legacy/constant intervention, Western style policies did not fit into Egyptian order.
Prochaska (Imperialism)
City of Bone a dependent city in terms of its economy, due to being reliant on trade with the French and decisions being made in Paris rather than Algeria. Economic dualism in Bone, separate Algerian and French economy. Colonial culture created with Algerian culture sidelined, removal of Algerian identity in street signs and place names. Downgrading of Muslim and upgrading of French legacies.
Efrati (imperialism)
British occupation of Ottoman provinces born out of concern to protect trade route to India. Idea of British superiority led to banning practices they regarded as harmful to women and used this to legitimate their colonial rule. Conflict between people who saw tribes as egalitarian and traditional, and those who wanted them to break away from customs.
Laura Robson (Imperialism)
British and French aimed to institutionalise new ethnic order in the region to shape national identities. Indigenous people displaced to make space for Europeans. Britain and France essentially invented antagonisms between the Assyrians and Kurds.
Zeina Ghandour (Imperialism)
Mandate Palestine historians have written from preconceived idea that Palestinian farming was primitive, land law was a mess, anti-british activity the work of criminals and peasants lacked political consciousness. Colonists cannot prioritise interests of native over their own interest. Map making used by imperialists to lay claim to boundaries.
Aaron Jakes (Imperialism)
Colonists felt that natives were incapable of making decisions for themselves as they were too focused on material interests and lacked capacity beyond simply personal loss and gain. British officials championed smallholding as viable site for realisation of foreign capital in Egypt.
McDougall (Imperialism)
Algeria initially agricultural colony but became privately owned as it developed. Algerians gradually dispossessed of their best lands. Natives trapped in native status. Clear two tier system of living between the Algerian Muslims and Europeans.
Jacob Norris (Imperialism)
Zionist mission not necessarily the original aim of the British in Palestine, however saw Jews as intermediaries between Europe and Asia and thus preferred to work with them than the native Arabs. Was a lot of funding of infrastructure, which would bolster European colonial interests, and not much funding of health care and education.
Melani Cammett and Ishac Diwan (Arab Uprisings)
Rollback of the state in the 80s which benefitted capitalist class and increased division within society was a clear factor that led to the revolutions as it caused economic inequalities and divides in society that permeated until 2011.
Sami Zemni (Arab uprisings)
Tunisia not obvious candidate for the beginning of the uprisings. Protests had been simmering before the trigger of Bouazizi.
Shafeeq Ghabra (Arab uprisings)
Egyptians disaffected with regime partly because of greater levels of suffering that were taking place due to incompetence. Mubarak lost his legitimacy. Kifaya set precedent for the uprisings. Khaled Said ignited the revolutionary spark. Mubarak took too long to act and was ousted.
Bassiouni (2011 uprisings)
Looks at the past and the factors that led to the revolution. Sadat and his policies, Mubarak and his lack of popularity. Khaled Said the face that launched the revolution in Egypt. Media was what gave the revolution its success.
Reem Saad (2011 Uprisings)
Immediate trigger Khaled Said. Watersheds in the mid-70s triggered long-term social change in Egypt, being exodus of Egyptian labour and agricultural liberalisation. 2000s saw a wave of intense protests that were unprecedented in Egypt.
Atiaf Alwazir (2011 Uprisings)
Yemenis, much like other Arab peoples had been witnessing similar economic hardships. Yemen different to other examples because of the North/South Yemen divide.
Chalcraft (2011 Uprisings)
Mass uprisings had surprising dimensions. They took place without preceding state breakdown and constituted the people as sovereign, rights bearing and diverse in distinctive way from anti-colonial nationalism.
Omar el-Shehabi (2011 Uprisings)
Bahrain caught in four dichotomises,
* Trans-sectarian vs ethnosectarian
* National vs transnational
* Reformist vs revolutionary
* Public vs underground
After independence mass movements gained in prominence in Bahrain. Oil boom gave Bharain govt feeling that they could do what they want and remain absolutist. Increased public movements in the 90s. Lack of reform. Spurred by other revolutions in 2011 but harshly repressed.
Gunning and Zvi Baron (Arab Uprisings)
Were four stages of protest in Egypt. These stages essentially broke political taboos, they gave people the confidence to protest the government, challenge Mubarak, demand change, removed fear of police. These movements throughout the 00s led to the people having sufficient confidence to engage in 2011 uprisings.
Sayigh and Shlaim (International Politics)
Cold War not of as much importance in the Middle East as in other parts of the world. Soviet Union lost eminence in the Arab world form the late 60s. Many events could havce taken place without the Cold War.
Seferdjeli (International Politics)
FLN and ALN used the battle of Algiers for diplomatic means. Part of the fight of the FLN was to mobilise diplomatic means and international sympathy to gain support for their cause. Also key to remember that the movement was not truly united, FLN using fear, forcing everyone to come under their wing.
Yaqub (International Politics)
Role of Eisenhower doctrine. Seeks to contain Nasser and Arab Nationalism. Talks to the divide in Arab society between the conservative and revolutionary Arab regimes. Ultimate aim of the Eisenhower doctrine was a success. Conservative Arab leaders did not play their assigned roles. Eisenhower sceptical of Israel, he did not want to give them a blank cheque.
Louis and Shalim (international Politics)
1967 war shifted balance of power in the region away from Egypt and towards Israel. Events from May 1967 made the war inevitable, was not something that either side were trying to do, came about due to tensions. Started as a war of ‘defence’ for Israel but became imperialistic. Defeat demoralising for Arab nationalism.
Ifran (International Politics)
PLO and UNRWA’s relationship was like a rivalry. PLO characterised Israel and Zionism as part of the Western imperialist order. PLO felt that they needed to win over the UN to advance their cause.
Kerr (international politics)
Syria instigated the UAR and were upset when Egypt did not give them an equal role in its development. Iraq during Qasim’s reign seen as enemy of Nasser as they did not take the side of Nasser in the region, remained non-aligned. One of the biggest enemies of Nasser was communism in his eyes. Ba’th played no clear role in the UAR and thus were able to take power shortly after collapse.
Amin Hewedy (International Politics)
Suez crisis linked to many more events before it, Egyptian revolutionary nationalism had been building up for a long time. Nasser aimed to avoid war but did not flinch if necessary.
