Imperialism (non-AI notes)

Question 1

The supposed purpose of the mandate according to the Covenant of the League of Nations.

Answer 1

To guide states to a point where they could become self-governing nations. Would vary according to the different stage of development of the people and economic conditions.

Question 2

When the Palestinian Mandate came into operation

Answer 2

September 1923, can be considered to be 1920 when Civil admin replaced military regime.

Question 3

Estimated Palestinian Pop by religion in 1922

Answer 3

589,000 Muslims, 83,000 Jews and 71,000 Christians

Question 4

Benefits to Palestine via the mandate

Answer 4

Nearly 200 primary schools established. Malaria eliminated from larger towns. New hospitals built, child welfare clinics opened, training for nurses provided, water supply to Jerusalem, hundreds of miles of road laid.

Question 5

The beneficiaries of the developments to Palestine

Answer 5

Jews main beneficiaries, most of work done by Jewish immigrants for Jews.

Question 6

Root of disturbances in mandatory Palestine

Answer 6

Between the Arabs and Jews. Fear among Arabs that the increase of Jewish immigration would lead to political and economic subjection.

Question 7

Increase in Jewish pop and land in Palestine from 1925-28

Answer 7

Jewish population rose from 121,000 to 151,000 and the area of land in Jewish ownership from 944,000 dunums to 1,024,000 dunums

Question 8

Views of the Shaw report

Answer 8

Expressed the Jewish immigration had been excessive. Found there would be no room for more settlers unless cultivation was improved.

Question 9

Demands of the five Arab parties of Palestine to the high commissioner.

Answer 9

1) the establishment of democratic government, (2) the prohibition of the transfer of Arab lands to Jews, (3) the immediate cessation of Jewish immigration and the formation of a committee to determine the “absorptive capacity” of the country. (2nd and 3rd were rejected)

Question 10

The control of the region after WW1

Answer 10

Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine under European control. Egypt and Saudi Arabia partial independence.

Question 11

French post-war motives

Answer 11

Desired to divide region with mandates, allowed Lebanese autonomy over domestic matters but had to be a Maronite Christian. They wanted to divide and rule, legally separate Syrians.

Question 12

Causes of Druze revolt

Answer 12

High inflation, taxation, refusal to appoint local officials to autonomous government.

Question 13

Beginning of British occupation of Egypt

Answer 13

In 1882 Britain defeated Egyptian army and occupied country. Brought forceful conclusion to almost a century of great power rivalry in the country. Ottoman’s still had some control, British an advisory power.

Question 14

Good and Bad of Cromer for Egypt.

Answer 14

• Supporters stress a revived economy, legal reform, separation from Ottomans, He had administrative success, reduced debt, increased revenue, reduced taxed, increased value of imports and agricultural production.
• Opponents saw his acts as illegal, arrogant and preoccupied with France
  His sole focus on agriculture had left Egypt exposed to fluctuation in world cotton market.

Question 15

2 Egyptian camps after WW1

Answer 15

Those who believed allies promises would lead to self-government and independence for Egypt. The British govt, who presumed Egypt was still dependent and only willing to make minor reforms. Moderate Egyptian ministers were stuck in the middle.

Question 16

Role and aims of the WAFD

Answer 16

Aimed to defend the constitution, leaders indigenous Egyptians who came from landed middle-class. They became the representatives of the anti-British movement, won support from all sectors of the pop.

Question 17

Results of the Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936

Answer 17

• Signified move towards independence for Egypt but guaranteed Britain’s ability to come to Egypt’s aid and to be granted military facilities and equipment
• Pledge to support Egyptian membership to League of Nations
• Allowed Britain to station 10,000 troops in the Suez zone as well as maintaining the status quo in Sudan
• The left felt it was inadequate, troops remained
• The right felt compromise with the occupiers was unacceptable

Question 18

What Britain did in Egypt during WW2

Answer 18

• They provoked nationalist and other opposition movements
• Ordered martial law in 1939
• Diplomatic ties with Italy and Germany broken
• Clear Egyptians lacked full autonomy over their political proceedings
• They were forced to divert resources to war
  o Some supported the Germans as counterbalancing force to the British

Question 19

Private property in French Algeria

Answer 19

Felt that the colony must be built on private property, Islamic law set aside for acquisitions, uncultivated land without title annexed to state. Populations lost best lands and were restricted to certain areas.

Question 20

Amount of land Algerian peasants lost by 1914

Answer 20

11.6 million hectares

Question 21

Origin of Algerian settlers

Answer 21

European, from France, Italy, Spain, Malta

Question 22

Francification of the city of Bone

Answer 22

Streets named after Napoleonic people, Orleanists, figures of third republic, warships, generals, commanders, sergeants, colonels mayors, army doctors. Algerians made virtually absent from the telling of the city’s history.

Question 23

How Algerian populations were referred to at the turn of thew 20th century.

Answer 23

Settlers were starting to refer to themselves as ‘Algerians’, they were carving out a specific identity. Muslim Algerians on the other hand were named ‘indigenes’.

Question 24

Why did Britain want to occupy Ottoman provinces according to Noga Efrati

Answer 24

Born out of British concern to protect trade route to India, brought administration based on experiences in India.

Question 25

What is the TCCDR and what did it do?

Answer 25

Tribal Criminal and Civil Disputes Regulation. Facilitated the cheap, indirect administration of vast territories and securing countryside order. In 1924 TCCDR became state law.

Question 26

Views of the Iraqi tribes by the British

Answer 26

Some saw them as egalitarian and traditional. others believed that they broke away from the shayks and relinquished tribal customs.

Question 27

Role of Romantic Collectivism in Iraq

Answer 27

View that tribal custom and law should be safe guarded, led to British non-intervention.

Question 28

Development of women in British Iraq

Answer 28

Any increase in girls education was confined to urban areas. No steps taken at all to education of girls in tribes. Thought that it was ‘perhaps best so’ as these women had many responsibilities in society that could keep them intelligent and educated. British government had no contrived gender policy when they arrived, tried to use 'improved' women's conditions as moralising and justifying factor for their control.

Question 29

Laura Robson on aims of the British, French and League of Nations.

Answer 29

“The British, the French, and the League aimed jointly to envision, shape, and institutionalize a new regional order in which state organization would reflect ethnic and national identities in newer and neater ways than in the messy recent past."

Question 30

Motive for mass displacement of indigenous pop.

Answer 30

Was done to create ethnically specific settler spaces. This espoused the British and French strategy of making ethnicity, religion and race central to the citizens and subjects relations with the state

Question 31

The small groups that the British and French said they would guarantee statehood.

Answer 31

Jews, Assyrians, Kurds.

Question 32

The Assyrians

Answer 32

A Christian community in the Middle East who were a group of much interest to the British and American missionaries

Question 33

Assyrian demands

Answer 33

Akin to a desire to return to the relatively autonomous political position they enjoyed in the late Ottoman period rather than wanting to achieve nation-state level sovereignty.

Question 34

The purpose of the British camps for the Assyrians and Armenians and the effects of this.

Answer 34

Camps became disciplined and self-contained where access to Arab space was restricted. Created an idea of national separation between Armenians and Assyrians which was essentially a fiction of the camps.

Question 35

Things that united the Assyrians and Armenians.

Answer 35

Lived close to each other, spoke each other's language, shared religious practices, shared sense of persecution in last years of Ottoman empire.

Question 36

Iraqi's views of non-Muslim communities

Answer 36

Came under suspicion for their historical association with European actors.

Question 37

French failure to help the Armenians

Answer 37

Thousands arrived in Cilicia under impression they would be building Armenian nation under French protection. Turkish insurrection meant French military could not occupy the region.

Question 38

How did political and economic assistance to Armenians benefit the French?

Answer 38

Moved Armenians out of the camps where they were financial burdens but also built a relationship of dependency with the Armenians. French relied on Armenians to put down anti-French resistance in the region.

Question 39

How did the idea of creating a homeland for Assyrians and Armenians change over time according to Laura Robson

Answer 39

"As the idea of creating Assyrian and Armenian homelands became less useful to the British, the French, and the League, this narrative morphed into a reconstitution of these refugee populations as geographically discrete communities who required protection from a majoritarian state and whose interests were naturally aligned with the mandates.”

Question 40

How was law used as a weapon in mandatory Palestine?

Answer 40

It legitimised landholding and its use. Could nullify or proclaim indigenous rights to land.

Question 41

How is map making used as an imperialist tool?

Answer 41

Imperialists lay claim over boundaries and embody the political perspective of the interests of the mapper which are likely to misrepresent the real world. Helps organise land for political or economic means.

Question 42

Why did Palestinians lose so much land during the Mandate period?

Answer 42

There were no formal title deeds in Palestine prior to 1858. Registration was voluntary and most were reluctant to register their land. It would make poor villagers liable to registration fee, taxation and conscription.

Question 43

Who sold most of the Palestinian land, what was the outcome of this?

Answer 43

Sursok family sold a lot of land. Their sales guaranteed Jewish settler dominance on the land. It provided Jewish immigrants with contiguous terrain.

Question 44

Definition of public lands by the mandate in Palestine.

Answer 44

All lands in Palestine subject to the control of the government of Palestine by virtue of treaty, convention, agreement, succession. To eject natives, helped to label what public lands were. Public Land was to be made available to new immigrants of long leases.

Question 45

Options for Jewish settlers in Palestine.

Answer 45

They could buy land from Arabs or obtain lease from the government. By 1929 900,000 Dunams of cultivatable land had been purchased by Jewish settlers, much was ‘of the best quality’.

Question 46

By what point had Jewish settlers bought the core of their national territory that would help zionist seizure of the country?

Answer 46

By 1939

Question 47

What % of historic Arab land and what % of cultivatable land had been bought by Jewish settlers by 1948?

Answer 47

6% - historic Arab land 20% - Cultivatable land

Question 48

What was the colonial mindset towards the Egyptians and colonial people?

Answer 48

There was a belief that the Egyptians or any colonial people held basic capacity to act upon their material interests and thus would benefit from greater commercial society. Belief that they lacked capacity to reason beyond personal gain and loss.

Question 49

Who does Roger Owen believe were the main beneficiaries of British occupation?

Answer 49

Large landowners, they had seen a huge increase in the value of their land, ability to borrow money and a growth in income.

Question 50

What did the Dufferin expedition to Egypt explain?

Answer 50

That new institutions were being implemented to return Egypt to self-rule with the caveat that they were yet to be 'ripe for popular government'.

Question 51

What was the corvee and what was it used for?

Answer 51

Unpaid labour that was used for the cleaning of irrigation channels. Its abolition was a major priority of the occupation, British administrators believed this would win over the peasantry.

Question 52

Druze Revolt

Answer 52

A revolt in Syria and Lebanon. Aimed to end French colonial occupation. Lasted from 1925-27.

Question 53

Forest Protection Law

Answer 53

1874 in Algeria, criminalises traditional grazing practices, pushing Algerians off their land.

Question 54

Palestinian Citizenship Law

Answer 54

1925 - Gave Palestinian citizenship to anyone on Palestinian land, would have given many jews citizenship

Question 55

Peel Commission

Answer 55

1937 - British felt the Mandate had become unworkable due to conflict between Arabs and Jews. Desired to partition the Mandate into two states, was refused by the Arabs.

Question 56

Ottoman provinces that made up Iraq

Answer 56

Mosul, Baghdad, Basra

Question 57

Ethnic diversity in Iraq and compromises that had to be made.

Answer 57

Jews, Shiite Muslims, Sunni Muslims, Christians. Had no natural capital or administrative ruling class.

Question 58

Structure of power and wealth in Iraq.

Answer 58

Was controlled by 3 main groups. Landed class, urban aristocracy and commercial classes. 49 families held most of the private land.

Question 59

Britain's relationship with tribal chiefs in Iraq

Answer 59

Built them up whilst also undermining them. Their presence implied order, security and communications which rendered them increasingly superfluous. They were often given control of their areas and lands, maintained autonomy.

Question 60

British undermining of local trade in Iraq

Answer 60

Opening of Suez canal and cheap British imports meant British goods could outcompete what locals could provide.

Question 61

Conclusion of what Baghdad was to be in 1917.

Answer 61

Was to be an Arab state with a local ruler or government under British protectorate in everything but name. Facade of Arab rule but British would be in true control.

Question 62

Negative effects of British rule in Iraq

Answer 62

Strict taxation and high inflation rates.Military occupied houses of notables and lack of infrastructure development.

Question 63

King of British Iraq and his role.

Answer 63

Faysal, he was a British puppet.

Question 64

Anglo-Iraqi treaty of 1922

Answer 64

Designed to allow for Iraqi self-government while giving the British control of Iraq's foreign policy. Aiming to secure essential British interests with minimum costs to Britain.

Question 65

British reoccupation in Iraq

Answer 65

Took place in 1941 as they fought against them in WW2. Were in a similar position to 1920 but Iraq had more well established institutions.

Question 66

Decline of British authority in Iraq

Answer 66

Gradually lost influence, gave up formal rights in 1955 and 1958 coup removing Hashemites destroyed remains of influence.

Question 67

Anglo-Iraq Treaty 1930

Answer 67

Based off 1922 treaty but also could provide "all possible facilities" including the use of railways, rivers, ports, and airways for the passage of armed forces "during times of war". Used to justify occupation in 1941. Used terms of treaty as basis for military occupation until 1947

Question 68

Phases to British rule in Iraq

Answer 68

Initially wanted to annex it. Then committed to making it fully functional, modern democratic state, then wanted to leave it.

Question 69

Valuable Algerian Mine and railway issues

Answer 69

Ouenza mine. Debate over who would fund the railroad. Was decided that it would go to Bone as it was all in Algerian territory.

Question 70

Timeline of port at Bone

Answer 70

Work began in 1886 but ground to a halt in 1894. The began in 1899 and was complete by 1911.

Question 71

Industries that Algerians were more likely to be involved in (Bone)

Answer 71

Trade related to foods, dry goods, clothing and hotels, restaurants and cafes. Entrenched in traditional economy.

Question 72

Industries Europeans more likely to be involved in (Bone)

Answer 72

Wood and metal, miscellaneous services, liberal professions. Dominated the modern economy.

Question 73

Relative % of firms belonging to Algerians and Europeans from 1904-7 (Bone)

Answer 73

16% Algerian and 84% European.

Question 74

Establishment year and aims of PLO

Answer 74

1964. Sought to establish Arab state over former Mandatory Palestine, advocating for the elimination of Israel.