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Middle Eastern Modernities > New Readings > Flashcards

New Readings Flashcards

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1
Q

Why did Syrians initially not want union with Iraq?

A

Iraq was closely linked to the British, they felt they would be regarded as sympathisers of imperialists and against Arab unity.

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2
Q

Why did Nasser initially rejected union with Syria?

A

Felt that Syria needed to find internal unity first and that another 5 years was needed.

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3
Q

Result of the UAR elections in Syria

A

Ba’th were largely defeated, won 250 of 9,445 seats. Were defeated by conservative coalitions who capitalised on issues of unity with Egypt.

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4
Q

Qasim’s leadership style and relationship with Nasser.

A

Unconventional, didn’t co-operate with Arab unity or pay Nasser respect. Made himself open enemy of Nasser’s regime. Showed signs of mass appeal and threatened Egyptian-Syrian union.

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5
Q

Why were the Ba’th not associated from seccession with the UAR?

A

They had left before the secession and played no clear role. Was a split in the party, some who blamed Nasser and others who were still allied with him.

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6
Q

1963 Iraqi coup

A

Oeverthrew Qasim and brought Ba’th to power, was celebrated by the Egyptians. Nasser now eager to co-operate with Iraqi regime.

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7
Q

1963 unity talks

A

Talks aiming to develop a three way, Syrian-Egyptian-Iraqi union, personal discussions between Nasser and leading Ba’thists on failure of 1958-61 union.

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8
Q

Nasser’s relationship with Ba’th in 1963

A

Was sceptical of them because of their breakaway from UAR. Would not unite at their convenience, felt it was their role to come to him, he wanted to wait until they had clear leadership.

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9
Q

Nasser’s proposal of the formation of new union.

A

Would initially just be Egypt and Syria for trial period, then Iraq to join as third partner.

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10
Q

Why could Syria and Iraq not unite without Egypt?

A

Egypt regarded as focal point of Arab nationalism.

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11
Q

Nasser’s worry about union with Iraq and Syria

A

That he would be outnumbered by two Ba’th forces and would lose all control.

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12
Q

How did Syrian-Iraqi-Egyptian negotiations end?

A

With agreement to postpone implementation of unity for over two years.

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13
Q

Why was union never going to happen.

A

Nasser had claimed he would unite with Syria but not with the Ba’th, this was unacceptable to the Syrians.

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14
Q

Arab states feuding in 1963.

A

Syria with Egypt, Iraq, Jordan and Morocco.
Egypt with Syria, Saudi Arabia, Jordan.
Algeria with Morocco and Tunisia.

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15
Q

Only Arab League countries with good relations with everyone in 1963

A

Kuwait, Sudan and Libya

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16
Q

The blocs of Arab League quarrels

A

Revolutionary regimes (Egypt, Algeria, Iraq, Yemen and Syria) against conservative/moderates.

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17
Q

Era of Arab reconciliation

A

From 1963-66, positive developments like co-ordinated policy towards Israel, negotiations around Yemen and decline in inter-Arab name calling.

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18
Q

Kerr’s view of Arab position on Israel

A

When the Arabs are in a co-operative mood opposition to Israel tends to find expression in agreement to avoid action on Palestine but when they quarrel it becomes subject of dispute.

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19
Q

Challenge of the PLO to Jordan and Egypt

A

If it amounted to anything would challenge Jordanian sovereignty. Nasser wanted to preserve detente with Jordan but also wanted to be seen as champion of Palestine.

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20
Q

Events leading to Suez

A
  • War of liberation in the canal zone that was ended by 1954 treaty
  • Refusal of revolutionary regime to enter foreign pacts except the Arab League
  • Rejection by Nasser of unjust solution to Arab-Israeli conflict
  • 1955 Czech arms deal (Kerr holds was the main cause)
  • Nationalisation of Suez Canal Company
  • Triple aggression of Britain, France and Israel.
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21
Q

Suez’s affects on Arab relations with great powers.

A

Confirmed, magnified and strengthened existing trends.

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22
Q

How many Kurds were exiled in Syria from 1961-2011?

A

Roughly 150,000

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23
Q

What role did Absolute Arabism play in Syria?

A

Led to a view that Syria was in a constant state of war with the ‘zionist enemy’. Any form of internal opposition framed as attempt to emasculate nation or collude with the enemy. It allows political opponents to be cast as unpatriotic, deprived them of protections.

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24
Q

What affect did Assad placing his family members in leading positions have on Syrian society?

A

Led to decline in academic freedom, independent political and cultural activities and the rule of law.

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25
How did the slogan 'Development and Modernisation' entrench the pre-existing system in Syria?
Was an explicit rejection of opposition demands for political reform and rather shift focus to developing existing systems and presenting regime in more modern light.
26
Why were suicides increasing in frequency in Tunisia?
The product of poverty, unemployment, sense of degradation and indignity that reflected frustration and despair felt among young men.
27
Role of Facebook in Tunisia.
Set up a Facebook page called ‘The Tunisian Street Protest News Agency’, issued digital bulletin in Arabic, French and English. Published ‘The Resistance Diaries’ in three languages, told the world the truth of what was happening in Tunisia. Worked in a sharing atmosphere, bulletin a link to journalists, activists and revolutionaries.
28
Demands of Bahrain protestors.
Government elected by the people, release of prisoners, demands related to standard of living
29
Slogan in Bahrain.
'The people demand the reform of the regime’ turned into 'The people demand the fall of the regime'.
30
Where the protests mainly took place in Bahrain
Pearl Square.
31
Previous uprisings in Syria
In the 80s in the city of Hama, was not successful as was carried out by Muslim Brotherhood who did not represent most people. Was a wave of detentions in 90s muffled the Syrian populist forces.
32
Trigger for Syrian protests
Incident involving group of children who were influenced by what they had seen in other revs. They wrote ‘The people demand the fall of the regime’ on the wall of their school playground. The security services tortured them. Security scoffed at families demands to see them.
32
Protests in Douma.
A protest in a mosque where many were beaten and 10s were killed. Later there was a peaceful protest due to ceasefire deal between authorities and the town, armed gangs not present.
33
Assad's view towards the protests
He viewed the situation as a with me or against me situation. Did not mention dead or pause for silence.
33
Number dead and detained in first 100 days of uprising.
More than 2,000 killed and 15,000 arrested.
34
How Palestine was regarded in the early 20th century
Was seen as a relatively untapped region that was potentially rich in resources. A prime coastal location. Was palpable excitement around it.
35
% of Palestine budget given to health and education and security.
4.5% and 6.4%, security between 23% and 31%
36
Underlying ehtos of the British plan for Palestine during and after WW1.
Would grow into British dominion, imperialism would provide basic structure under which Zionism could develop at a faster rate. Future Jewish-British partnership would bring prosperity.
37
Potential motive of the Balfour declaration
To garner Jewish support in Russia and the US for the allied war effort.
38
Why did British enthusiasm for Zionism cool.
Jews were never fully endorsed as white settlers and were only encouraged to migrate to some territory where British settlement was not entertained. They were somewhere between the threshold of Europe and Asia.
39
Zionist enterprise opened in 1932
Tiberias hot springs, symbolised predominance of the Jews in the region.
40
Role of agriculture in Egyptian economy in 1917.
Made up 2/3 of GNP and 70% of the workforce
41
Expansion of cotton trade in Egypt from 1882-1914.
From under 3 million cantars to 7.5 million.
42
Land distribution in Egypt
150,000 people held 3/4 of the land. 1.4 million peasants held the rest.
43
Irrigation pumps in Iraq
Britain increased number of irrigation pumps from 140 in 1921 to over 2,000 in 1929. Increased yields and reduced dependence on flood irrigation. Had long term negative impact of high cost to farmers.
44
Most valuable Palestinian export
Jaffa oranges. Citrus groves constituted over 1/3 of Arab agricultural output and 2/3 of Jewish output.
45
% of Jewish population in towns by 1939
75
46
Importance of Palestine as British military base.
Around 130,000 took part in armed forces and military contributed 25% of national income.
47
When did nationalisations take place in Egypt?
1960 banks were nationalised then insurance companies then 42 of its largest industrial and commercial concerns.
48
Aim of Egypt's first five year plan.
To lay ground for doubling Egypt's national income in 10 years.
49
Law 43 (policy linked to infitah)
provided five year tax holiday, many any new company private regardless of source of capital.
50
Subsidies under Sadat
Greatly expanded, by 1980/81 spending was 25% of its budget.
51
% of people employed in public sector in Egypt from early 60s to 1981.
9% to 27% in 1976 and 32% in 1981.
52
Increase in primary school attendance and life expectancy in Egypt 1960-81.
Attending primary school from 66-76% and life expectancy from 46 to 56 for men and 47 to 59 for women.
53
Why would growth of illegal opposition make legal opposition unwilling to promote unrest.
There was a fear that the regime would increase repression and party elites did not want to return to a 1960s type system. (was common in Morocco)
54
Catalyst of desire for political change in Egypt, Morocco and Jordan
Economic decline, especially in the 80s.
55
Concessions achieved in Jordan in the 80s.
In 1989 Hussein announced political reforms including elections, introduction of parties and lifting of martial law.
56
Why were moderates more conciliatory during the Mubarak period?
They were reincorporated into the political system and significant opposition was excluded from the formal political sphere. Not until radicals were brought under control in 1997 that moderates made further challenge.
57
What balancing acts did leaders have to play between radical and moderate opposition?
Would allow Islamist movements to grow in strength in order to threaten the legal opposition but also make sure they were not strong enough to overthrow the regime.
58
Sadat's approach to Islamists.
Strengthened them against the leftists. But doing it in a way to co-opt them, believing their loyalty would help support his regime. He wanted to use them to face leftist and Nasserist opposition.
59
Adbeen Palace Incident
Took place in Egypt in 1942. British occupied palace of the Egyptian king and forced him to appoint Nahas to a Wafd led government. Was seen as a humiliation and led Nasser to hold resentment to British.
60
1919 Egyptian revolution
Nation-wide revolution which lasted from November 1918 to July 1919. Occurring right after the end of World War I, the revolution served as the culmination of successive decades of opposition by Egyptian nationalists to the occupation, and was directly sparked by the British-ordered exile of Wafd Party leader Saad Zaghloul and several other party members. Led to Egyptian independence in 1922.
61
North Yemen Civil war and sides taken
Was an uprising by the republicans against the monarchy. Republicans supported by Egypt and the monarchists by Saudi Arabia. Other forces on both sides as well with USSR backing the republicans and the Israelis, British and Jordanians backing the monarchists.
62
Immediate Catalyst for the 1964 summit.
Israeli plans to use water from Lake Tiberias. Arab states wanted to divert water from river Jordan to prevent Israel from using it.
63
Political demands in the manifesto of the 99 (Damascus Spring)
Cancellation of state of emergency and abolition of martial law and special courts. Release of all political prisoners, return of political exiles and the right to form political parties and civil organisation.
64
What ended the Damascus spring.
Return of repressive methods in 2001. Number of imprisonments and forced closure of the salons. Organisers jailed for up to 5 years.
65
Characteristics of Syria on the dawn of the revolution.
Dire economic situation with rising inflation, high unemployment, corruption. Heavily repressive. Direct consequences of economic liberalisation, increased corruption and cronyism. Mismanagement of droughts worsened rural-urabn divisions.
66
Law No. 80 (Iraq)
Passed by Qasim, seized 99% of Iraqi land from the British-owned Iraq petroleum company.
67
Egyptian version of Dubai
The Pyramids Smart Village. Gives impression you are leaving Cairo, clear and pronounced divide with the city itself.
68
Abdali Regeneration Project
In the Jordanian capital Amman, looking to recentre capital on new downtown. Promises to become the enclave of shopping malls, hotels, office towers and restaurants. Old city centre to become touristy.
69
Jordanian economic history
History of failed state led development. Aim to implement Keynesian economics culminated in collapse of 1989 which set on path to neoliberalism.
70
Jordanian government policies in the 90s directed at influencing the private sector.
Regressive 7% sales tax introduced in 1994 which was increased to 10% in 1995. Cutting of bread subsidies in 1996.
71
Jordanian debt, unemployment and poverty rate in 1999.
$7.8 billion 27% and 33%
72
Arab Federation
A pact created between Jordan and Iraq to unite their Hashemite Kingdoms in response to the UAR.

Middle Eastern Modernities (9 decks)

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