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International Politics Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was the first non-state official to address the UN and what organisation was he associated with?

A

Arafat, who was a member of the PLO

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2
Q

What is Dar-al Fata

A

A publishing house that aimed to fill the gap in Palestinian youth education. It aimed to decolonise literature and instil a revolutionary consciousness

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3
Q

What impact did the USA and UK have on conflicts in the Middle East

A

Both countries aimed to mould the region around their world capitalist system allowing them to exploit local rivalries for their own benefit.

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4
Q

What was a common factor that shaped foreign policy in the region?

A

Domestic conflict, or the idea of sacrificing state interests to ideology

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5
Q

What kind of conflicts did the imposition of an external system have on the region?

A

Caused a struggle against imperialism, frustration surrounding arbitrary borders, struggle over Palestine, struggle over oil

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6
Q

What did Pan-Arabism aim to achieve

A

An opposition to the impact of imperialism. Establishing autonomy of the region and independence from the west

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7
Q

What were the outcomes of Pan-Arabism?

A

Failure to bridge the gap between Arab and non-Arab populations, Egyptian hegemony, nationalism and war.

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8
Q

What countries in the region did the Soviets and USA have ties with respectively?

A

Soviets had ties with Syria, Iraq, Algeria, Sudan, North and South Yemen, Libya.
US had close ties with Israel, Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia

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9
Q

Halliday on the impact of the cold war on the Middle East

A

Had a limited impact on the region compared to other parts of 3rd world. Was a high rate of inter-state conflict due to weapons that poured in. Cold War acted as a distraction form societal problems

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10
Q

When did Soviets start to lose favor in the Arab world?

A

From the late 60s onwards, regarded as connected to repressive state control

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11
Q

How did the West view Nasser and Egypt?

A

Britain felt Egypt was becoming an ‘out and out Soviet instrument’. Britain and France saw Nasser as a dictator who much like Hitler should be stopped before he got what he wanted.

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12
Q

How did Nasser establish himself as leader of Arab nationalism?

A

He led Egypt through the Suez crisis.

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13
Q

What led to the new era of revolutionary nationalism in Algeria?

A

The occupation of France during WW2, showed that they were weak. Economic deprivation at the end of WW2 caused radicalism and violence.

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14
Q

What provided Algerians conviction that military action was needed?

A

French repression, rigged elections and failed colonial relations.

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15
Q

How did the FLN manipulate the battle of Algiers to their advantage?

A

They drew upon french use of torture to aim to isolate them on an international level and paint themselves as martyrs.

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16
Q

How did De Gaulle aim to win over the Algerian population?

A

Through an integrationist policy, announcing only one category of citizen.

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17
Q

What impression did the FLN give of their relationship with women.

A

They painted themselves as working alongside women, who were modern, liberal and emancipated.

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18
Q

What challenges faced the Saudi Kingdom in 1958?

A

Their ‘postwar petroleum order’. Revolutionary Arab nationalism and Naser. The Baghdad pact. Dropping oil revenues during Suez war.

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19
Q

What was Saudi Arabia’s connection with the US?

A

They were regarded as allies. Eisenhower pledged to support them as long as they opposed communism. Desired his help as a regional leader.

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20
Q

What pacts were made between Arab countries?

A

Egypt and Syria proclaimed a pact with Jordan and Iraq responding with their own union.

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21
Q

What issues did the people have with Saud?

A

They felt that he was too associated with the US and the Eisenhower doctrine. Felt that he handed over sovereignty due to fears surrounding the ‘alleged communist threat’.

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22
Q

How did Faysal and Saud differ on foreign policy?

A

Saud favoured neutrality whilst Faysal favoured the West.

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23
Q

What was the Eisenhower doctrine?

A

A pledge to increase economic and military aid to the Middle East and to provide direct US protection to the region if they accept the threat of communism. It also
* Sought to contain Arab nationalism of Nasser
* Wanted to discredit his ideas of positive neutrality, view that the Middle East was entitled to good relations with East and West bloc

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24
Q

What were Arab populations relationship with the US and Soviets?

A

They were more oppositional to the US and the West who they saw as colonisers, they saw the Soviets as allies.

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25
What stopped conservative Arab leaders playing their assigned roles?
Fear of domestic or regional opinion, suspicion among Arab states, using Eisenhower doctrine for their own ends, refusal to unconditionally support the doctrine
26
What was Eisenhower's relationship with Israel?
Was sceptical of Israel, he didn’t want to give them a blank cheque Only after Nasser began to feud with the Soviet Union in 1959 did relations improve with the USA.
27
What were the consequences of the 1967 war?
Military balance shifted to Israel, Pan-Arabism suffered defeat, Israeli territory expanded, Palestine's neighbours had direct stake, PLO major player.
28
What tends to be the one issue on which Arab states agree?
Israel
29
What events made the 1967 war inevtiable?
* Nasser received Soviet intelligence claiming Israel was amassing troops on Syrian border * Deployed troops close to Israel in response. Also expelled UN emergency force and closed straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping. * Israel saw this as cause for war which began on 5th June.
30
What happened to Nasser's reputation after the defeat?
Became increasingly reliant on Soviet military aid and economic assistance. * He lost the leadership of Arab nationalism. * He subsequently pursued more moderate policy toward Israel
31
Why were Jordan allied with Nasser?
IDF attacked Jordanian village and belief that Israel wanted to occupy West Bank.
32
What events shook Lebanon in the 60s?
The Arab-Israeli war and the 1968 attack on Beirut airport. * Considered triggers which led country to civil war. 20
33
What was the traditional role of Lebanon in the region?
A neutral power.
34
What caused deterioration of US Lebanese relations?
When Kennedy sold Israel missiles in 1962 many in Lebanon and the Arab world were angered, diminished American neutrality.
35
What is the relationship between the UNRWA and Palestine?
UNRWA was only effective body mediated to work with Palestine. * Stateless people came to rely on UN body for essential services * UNRWA’s political mandate meant it could not take up political demands of Palestine. The relationship between the UNRWA and PLO was constituted of competitive tension, co-operation and support. PLO knew it did not have the resources to replace the UNRWA.
36
What method did the PLO feel they needed to institute to advance their cause?
Felt that they needed to win over UN to advance their cause. 32 * Arafat believed UN recognition would legitimise PLO’s representative status. * The UN in the 70s was different to the 40s due to many new states appearing which were sympathetic to Palestine
37
When and what was the Bandung Conference?
April 1955. A meeting of representatives from 29 Asian and African governments to discus role of the third world in the Cold War, economic development and decolonisation.
38
What were Bandung's core principles?
Political self-determination, mutual respect for sovereignty, non-aggression, non-interference in internal affairs, and equality.
39
What was signed at the end of the Bandung Conference?
A communique that included a range of concrete objectives. These goals included the promotion of economic and cultural cooperation, protection of human rights and the principle of self-determination, a call for an end to racial discrimination wherever it occurred, and a reiteration of the importance of peaceful coexistence.
40
What happened to the spirit of Bandung in the 60s?
It waned, most of the original participants were no longer in power in their respective countries.
41
What states was the PLO closely aligned with?
Communist adjacent regimes like China, Romania, Cuba and Yugoslavia
42
Why were Palestinians sceptical of UN help?
The UN played a significant role in the foundation of Israel
43
What were the financial limitations of the UNRWA?
UNRWA was dependent on voluntary donations which meant it was limited as the US considered the PLO a terrorist organisation.
44
What were the two main aims of the PLO regarding UNRWA policy in the 70s?
To maintain and increase services, to ensure its decisions were consistent with Palestinian interests
45
What event did Faysal use to try to undermine Saud's power?
Suad's supposed attempt to assassinate Nasser in 1958
46
How did Faysal establish a reputation as a moderniser?
He took credit for an economic program that provided the complete abolition of slavery.
47
Sayigh and Shlaim on the role of the Cold War on the Middle East and the true conflict of the region.
Conflicts of the ME gained East-West dynamic not due to impact of the Cold War but conflicts that provided greater context for East-West competition. ME had high inter-state conflict and was a region of rhetorical and ideological confrontation.
48
Palestinian refugees as ratio of Lebanese pop.
1:10 of Lebanese pop.
49
American motivations to intervene in Lebanon.
Not out of support for their democracy but rather with underlying regional aims.
50
Ways in which America were antagonistic to Lebanon.
They didn't help them after governmental crisis after Beirut airport bombing. They facilitated Israeli attacks on Lebanon through military programs and financial aid. US support allowed Israel to avoid compliance of withdrawing from south Lebanon.
51
Divisions in Lebanese society created by the Civil War.
Created a coalition of Sunni, Nasserist, and leftist groups who rose up against Christian forces. Those loyal to vs against the Eisenhower doctrine.
52
Role of Chehab (Lebanon)
Allied himself with Nasser which gained him support among Arab populations. Seen as catering too much to 'Arab' opinion, National Liberals and National Bloc vocally opposed to his supporters.
53
Immediate consequences of the Nakba
730,000 Palestinians refugees and the name Palestine wiped off the map.
54
Fawaz Gerges survey on superpower relations with ME.
Found that between 1955-67 superpowers rarely able to impose their will on smaller ME states.
55
Israeli impact on Jordanian relationship with Nasser
IDF attacked Jordanian village of Samu, Hussein believed Israel wanted to occupy West Bank and saw this as Israeli betrayal. Israelis told Hussein they had no hostile intent to Jordan but he had clearly allied with Nasser and maintained loyalty to Arab cause.
56
Why did Nasser get involved in war in Yemen?
He believed he could create revolutionary state that would be pro-Egyptian.
57
% of European settlers that had left Algeria by 1962
90
58
Number of Algerians killed in war of independence
300,000
59
% of Egyptian exports to Soviets and China in 1958
50 to Soviets and 1/3 to China
60
What was the ideology of nativism?
An ideology that framed groups in ideas of religion, tradition and authenticity. Stifled open discussion and rationality.
61
62
Egyptian-Czech Arms Deal
Agreement between the USSR and Egypt led by Gamal Abdel Nasser, announced in September 1955, to supply Egypt with more than $83 million worth of modern Soviet weaponry, through Czechoslovakia. Led to Israel planning to invade Egypt.
63
Lands occupied as result of the 6 day war.
Sinai, Gaza, the West Bank, East Jerusalem, the Golan Heights.

Middle Eastern Modernities (9 decks)

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