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Developmental Psychology > History and Theory > Flashcards

History and Theory Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the periods of development?

A

PIE, MA!

Prenatal, infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence

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1
Q

What are the three domains of the study of development?

A

Physical, cognitive, emotional/social

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2
Q

Describe the prenatal period of development.

A

Conception-birth

9 months, most rapid change

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3
Q

Describe the infancy/toddlerhood period of development.

A

Birth-2 years

Infancy year 1, toddlerhood year 2.

Dramatic changes in body and brain in support of later capabilities. Beginnings of language and ties to others.

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4
Q

Describe the early childhood period of development.

A

2-6 years

Longer and leaner bodies allow for refined motor skills and greater independence. Make-believe play, thought, and language go through rapid expansion. Morality and ties with peers are established.

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5
Q

Describe the middle childhood period of development.

A

6-11 years

Athletic abilities increase with participation in games with structure and rules. More logical thought processes allow for mastery of basic academic skills. Advanced understanding of the self, friends, and morality.

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6
Q

Describe the adolescence period of development.

A

11-18 years

Initiation of transition to adulthood. Body goes through puberty. More abstract and idealistic thought allow for schooling that is increasingly directed toward the future. Establishment of autonomy from family with personal values and goals.

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8
Q

What is continuous development?

A

The theory that development is the result of the amount of experience, children and adults use similar mental processes with gradual increases in capability.

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8
Q

What is a developmental stage?

A

A qualitative change in thinking as a result of rapid increase and plateau.

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9
Q

What is discontinuous development?

A

Development is the result of new ways of understanding and responding to the world because of the different ways of thinking between children and adults. There are jumps in capability that occur in predictable steps.

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10
Q

What is the difference between John Locke’s nurture view and Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s nature view?

A

Locke believed in tabula rasa with experience and education being most important, Rousseau believed in noble savages with the capacity to become civilized by themselves with child centred learning most important.

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11
Q

What is Darwin’s contribution to the study of development?

A

The discovery that different species are very similar at the prenatal stage, prompting further research in development.

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12
Q

Who are Hall and Gesell?

A

American psychologists regarded as founders of child study movement.

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13
Q

What are Hall and Gesell responsible for developing?

A

The normative approach.

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14
Q

What is the normative approach?

A

Computation of large numbers of behaviour measurements to come up with age related averages to represent typical development.

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15
Q

Who is Binet?

A

French psychologist credited with development of the intelligence test.

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16
Q

How did Binet classify intelligence?

A

Good judgement, planning, critical reflection - GPC

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17
Q

Who is Baldwin?

A

Early developmental theorist responsible for the theory that nature and nurture are equally important

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18
Q

What is the psychoanalytic perspective of development?

A

Children go through stages where they are faced with conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. Ability to learn, get along with others, and cope with anxiety are results of responding to these challenges.

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19
Q

What is the psychosexual theory of development?

A

Theory that emphasizes the importance of managing the child’s sexual and aggressive drives in the first years of life to prompt healthy development.

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20
Q

What are Freud’s psychosexual stages?

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

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21
Q

What are Erikson’s psychosocial stages?

A

B, A, 4 x I, G, I everything versus something.
Basic trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame/doubt, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs stagnation, integrity vs despair.

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22
Q

What is behaviourism?

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A

The school of thought that says that directly observable events are the correct focuses of study for development.

23
Q

What is social learning theory?

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A

Albert Bandura’s theory that emphasized modelling or observational learning is a powerful source of development.

24
What is cognitive developmental theory?
Piaget's theory that children actively acquire knowledge as the learn to manipulate and explore the world.
25
What is Piaget's view of development?
Children view the world differently from adults. Their views change as they grow older by achieving equilibrium - revising their internal conceptions according to things they encounter.
26
What are Piaget's stages?
Sensorimotor (birth-2 years), pre operational (2-7 years), concrete operational (7-11 years), formal operational (11+ years).
27
Describe Piaget's sensorimotor stage.
Infants think by manipulating the world with motor processes.
28
Describe Piaget's pre operational stage.
Symbols like language and make-believe play are available to use instead of just motor process but thinking lacks logic.
29
Describe Piaget's concrete operational stage.
Children have gained the ability to think logically and se the world in a more realistic way.
30
Describe Piaget's formal operational stage.
Children can now think abstractly and logically in a way that becomes more mature and similar to adults.
31
What is information processing?
The view that the human mind is a system through which information flows and can be manipulated. Supports continuous development.
32
What is developmental cognitive neuroscience?
A cross between psychology, biology, and neuroscience applied to development. Looks at the relationship between changes in the brain and changes in cognition and behaviour.
33
What is ethology?
study of the adaptive/survival value of behaviour and its evolutionary history.
34
Who are Lorenz and Tinbergen?
European zoologists that led the modern foundations for ethology.
35
What is imprinting?
Early following behaviour of baby birds that cause them to stay close to their mothers for protection.
36
What is evolutionary developmental psychology?
study of adaptive value of species-wide cognitive, emotional, and social competencies and how they change with age.
37
What is sociocultural theory?
Focuses on how culture is transferred to the next generation. According to Vygotsky, to is transferred by interactions between children and more knowledgeable members of society.
38
What is the ecological systems theory?
Bronfenbrenner's theory that states that children develop within a complex system of relationships and multiple areas of the surrounding environment.
39
What are the structures that compose the environment a child develops in, according to Bronfenbrenner?
Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem (My Mother Eats Macaroni)
40
Describe the microsystem.
Innermost level of environment containing immediate surroundings and its activity.
41
Describe the mesosystem.
Second level of environment that encompasses interactions between various microsystems i.e. home-school.
42
Describe the ecosystem.
Third level of environment that contains the adult settings and institutions adjacent to the child's surroundings.
43
Describe the macro system.
Final level of environment which encompasses the society and culture in which the child develops
44
What is the chronosystem?
The temporal aspect of Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems. Can come from the child or the inner layers of the child's environment.
45
What is the dynamic systems perspective of development?
The view that a child's mind, body, and physical and social worlds form an integrated system that guides development in a discontinuous and/or continuous way.
46
What is behavioural genetics?
A field devoted to determining the contributions of nature and nurture to the diversity of human traits and abilities.
47
What is canalization?
The tendency of heredity to restrict the development of characteristics to fewer outcomes.
48
What are two models used as prison systems?
punishment and rehabilitation
49
What is Meno's paradox?
If you know something, you don't need to search for it; but if you don't know something, you won't know it when you see it. Therefore the search for knowledge is impossible and/or unnecessary.
50
Nature and Nurture are equated with what, respectively?
nativism and empiricism
51
What is the philosophy of empiricism?
good and evil have social causes, there are specific mechanisms for teaching and parenting.
52
What is the philosophy of nativism?
emphasis on child-centered learning, understanding of/mastering inherent talents through the child's means
53
What is interactionism?
The theory that development is both nature and nurture. (associated with psychoanalytic perspective)
54
What are features of the psychoanalytic perspective of development?
Discontinuous, interactionism, development is the process through which people attempt to alleviate inherent discontent.
55
Who was the father of operant conditioning?
B. F. Skinner
56
What is social learning theory?
Bandura's theory that operant conditioning cannot explain vicarious learning, so there must be other similar mechanisms responsible if stimulus is not happening to subject.

Developmental Psychology (5 decks)

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