History this country 0 Flashcards
(482 cards)
1
Q
One man from this country met with Martin Luther at the Marburg Colloquy; that man was Huldrytch Zwingli (“ole-trich z-wing-lee”).
A
switzerland
2
Q
One of this country’s island possessions lies south of the Tyrrhenian Sea, while another lies across the Strait of Bonifacio from (*) Corsica.
A
italy
3
Q
This country was formed by the union of Castille and Aragon, which resulted from the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella.
A
spain
4
Q
This modern country unified under King Victor Emmanuel II in the Risorgimento.
A
italy
5
Q
This nation overthrew Albania’s King Zog.
A
italy
6
Q
A battle fought during this country’s second war of independence inspired Henri Dunant (“Doo-nahn”) to found the International Red Cross.
A
italy
7
Q
In a sermon “Regarding the Choice and Freedom of Foods,” an inhabitant of this country defended eating sausages during Lent.
A
switzerland
8
Q
Prisoners from the Italian Acqui Division were brutally massacred in this country during Operation Achse.
A
greece
9
Q
This present-day country was the place where a highly-regarded wine called cerentum was produced.
A
spain
10
Q
Legends in this country’s history include the Oath of the Rutli.
A
switzerland
11
Q
That invasion of this country featured a battle where Hugh de Cressingham died.
A
scotland
12
Q
Disagreements over the administration of Thurgau contributed to the Kappel Wars in this country.
A
switzerland
13
Q
This nation assisted Austria in repelling the Turks at Vienna in 1683 under King John III Sobieski.
A
poland
14
Q
The Phanariotes were a group of families from this modern-day country who were prominent in the Ottoman Empire.
A
greece
15
Q
During an invasion of this country, one ruler created the largest trebuchet ever, nicknamed the “Warwolf”.
A
scotland
16
Q
This island’s Siur, Nore and Barrow Rivers constitute its Three Sisters and its largest city lies on the River Liffey.
A
ireland
17
Q
This country endured the Sixty-Year captivity following the death of the last member of its Aviz Dynasty.
A
portugal
18
Q
Refugees in a civil war in this country were able to take shelter in camps named for the Hanoverian Queen Frederica.
A
greece
19
Q
A 1798 rebellion in this place was led by Wolfe Tone.
A
ireland
20
Q
This country’s Regeneration Period ended with a liberal Protestant victory over a Catholic league in a namesake war.
A
switzerland
21
Q
This country was ruled in medieval times by the Piast dynasty, which was succeeded by the Jagiellonian [yagleeONian] dynasty.
A
poland
22
Q
A man was supposedly beaten to death with his own wooden leg in another siege that occurred in this modern-day nation.
A
ireland
23
Q
Forces in this modern day nation lost the Battle of Mohi to Batu Khan, leading its king Bela IV to flee.
A
hungary
24
Q
In 2004, a filmmaker from this country was shot for his collaboration with Somalian-born Ayaan Hirsi Ali on the documentary Submission.
A
the netherlands
25
During Holy Week in this country, wooden statues of New Testament figures are paraded in the streets.
kingdom of spain
26
One 20th century leader of this nation established a paramilitary youth organization called the Strajeria, and was named Carol II.
romania
27
One general from this kingdom led a “Long Campaign” into the Balkan peninsula, but narrowly escaped from the Crusade of Varna in 1444.
hungary
28
This country’s capital was the site of the burglary of a Portuguese Jewish merchant from Gibraltar, named Don Pacifico.
greece
29
In this country, Henri Dufour crushed a Catholic separatist movement during the Sonderbund War.
switzerland
30
Operation Mercury was an attempt to capture a place in this modern-day country.
greece
31
A king of this country was mockingly referred to by a name meaning “empty coat.”
scotland
32
This non-British country founded Batavia in its (*) “East Indies,” which consisted of colonies in what is now modern-day Indonesia.
the netherlands
33
One of this nation’s kings had a mistress named Magda Lupescu; that king, Carol II, had his prime minister resign in protest when he returned to this country in 1930.
romania
34
That movement based in this country, which grew from the KOR, published a poster depicting an image from the film High Noon and was opposed by Secretary Kania.
poland
35
One king of this country was deposed in order to create the National Legionary State.
romania
36
This country’s unsuccessful Darien Scheme was an attempt to settle a colony in modern day Panama.
scotland
37
Haile Selassie gave a failed request for help to the League of Nations after this country invaded Ethiopia in 1935.
italy
38
In this country, the Alhambra Decree expelled Jews who refused to convert to Christianity.
spain
39
It’s not Japan, but the term “rangaku” refers to technology acquired from this country through the port of Dejima.
the netherlands
40
Forces from this country lost the Battle of Marignano after an alliance of this country won the Swabian War.
switzerland
41
This country’s war for independence was led by a Phanariote (fa-NAY-ree-oh-ite) who led the “Society of Friends.”
greece
42
A public display of meat-eating during Lent in this country sparked the Affair of the Sausages.
switzerland
43
Giuseppe Garibaldi was part of "Young [this nation]" to promote its unification during the Risorgimento.
italy
44
Forces fighting for this country were victorious in a battle, sparked by a raid on the Abbey of Einsiedeln, against Leopold I. That battle at Morgarten saw its "oath brothers" become one of the first bands of dismounted commoners to defeat a force of knights in the Middle Ages.
switzerland
45
Jurgen Stroop’s SS put down an uprising in this country led by the ZOB.
poland
46
During World War II, troops from this country launched Operation Ostra Brama during Operation Tempest.
poland
47
This country levied the unpopular alcabala tax.
kingdom of spain
48
A 1540s war fought for the hand of this country’s queen was called the (*) Rough Wooing.
scotland
49
This country’s last king was nicknamed “the Unfortunate” because he inherited the throne due to the 1908 assassination of his father and brother.
portugal
50
Under Matthias Corvinus, forces from this nation were able to capture (*) Bohemia and Vienna.
hungary
51
A king from this country put forth the divine right of kings in his Basilikon Doron, and also wrote Daemonologie.
scotland
52
This country promulgated the doctrine of pluricontinentalism to justify keeping its colonies.
portugal
53
This country had a succession crisis following the death of its King Sebastian I at the Battle of Ksar El Kebir, and won back its independence under the Duke of Braganza.
portugal
54
This country’s “mother trade” involved importing grain from Poland, which was often done on merchant ships known as fluyts.
the netherlands
55
The Abraham Lincoln Brigades and the Condor Legion fought in this country.
kingdom of spain
56
Petru Groza led one government of this country that crushed Iuliu Maniu’s democratic forces.
romania
57
One government in this country, the Sanation movement, was opposed by the Centrolew alliance of political parties.
poland
58
That leader of this country attempted to flee to Zeeland and was named (*) Queen Wilhelmina.
the netherlands
59
In this modern-day country's capital, Jews led a failed 1941 "Ghetto Uprising."
poland
60
Charles Stewart Parnell was an early leader of this country’s (*) Home Rule Movement.
ireland
61
James Michener wrote about the real-life destruction of the Andau Bridge in this nation during a 1956 Revolution against the Soviets, which controlled it as a satellite state from 1945 until 1989.
hungary
62
Victor Emmanuel II became king of this nation in 1861, and this nation’s unification was championed by Giuseppe Garibaldi.
italy
63
Centuries after the reigns of Sebastian the Desired and Alfonso the Conqueror, another ruler of this country was succeeded by Marcelo Caetano, who endured the Carnation Revolution.
portugal
64
John P. Lucas led Operation Shingle to outflank the Winter Line in this country, which was also defended by the Gustav Line.
italy
65
The death of that king, known as “the desired,” sparked a succession war that ended when a neighboring monarch won at (*) Alcantara and established a personal rule over this kingdom.
portugal
66
This country was invaded in Operation Marita after its forces liberated the city of Korçë [[KART-shuh]] and the region of Epirus
greece
67
The Pfaffian Brief united six states in what is now this modern-day country, which saw Niklaus Leuenberger lead peasants in a 1653 war after the devaluation of its money.
switzerland
68
A secret society in this country met in “barracas” and distinguished its leaders with small, symbolic hatchets.
italy
69
Much of this Eastern European nation’s territory is part of the North European Plain, other than its southern border regions with the Czech Republic and Slovakia, (*) which is located along the Carpathian Mountains.
poland
70
The decline of this country’s industrial sector in the mid-18th century is derisively known as the “Periwig Era.”
the netherlands
71
Attempts to reform this country after a revolution led to a regime known as “goulash communism.”
hungary
72
One uprising in this modern-day country was aided by Juan del Aguila, and that revolt ended after the Siege of Kinsale.
ireland
73
“Hunger circuses” were built in this country’s capital during the “Systemization” of its urban planning.
romania
74
This country celebrates “No Day,” a holiday that commemorates a refusal to cooperate with Benito Mussolini, given by Prime Minister Ioannis Metaxas.
greece
75
One man created a Central Committee of Citizens in this country, which passed the March laws.
hungary
76
In 1975, CIA officer Richard Welch was assassinated here by Revolutionary Organization 17 November.
greece
77
In this present-day country, Metellus Pius was deadlocked against the rogue general Quintus Sertorius for three years until Pompey's arrival.
spain
78
Louis the Bavarian was repelled by forces of this country at the 1339 Battle of Laupen, while the unified fortification and firearm tactics at the Battle of Bicocca are seen as a low point in its military history, which began after the Everlasting League defeated Leopold at Morgarten.
switzerland
79
An Umayyad army invading (*) Gaul through this country was halted at the Battle of Tours.
spain
80
The Russian admiral Alexey Orlov led a failed 1770 revolt in this country.
greece
81
Decree 770 outlawed contraceptives and abortion in this country, which was issued by a dictator who wrote the July Theses.
romania
82
A succession crisis in this country known as the “Great Cause” allowed a neighboring ruler to select its new king.
scotland
83
Robert Campbell conducted the Glencoe Massacre in the aftermath of the (*) Argyll [are-GHYLE] Uprising in this country.
scotland
84
One event in this country was precipitated by the Union of Brest and resulted in the formation of a hetmanate.
poland
85
The army of this country was encircled and destroyed by General Subotai at the Battle of the Sajo River.
hungary
86
This country was ruled by the dictator Antonio Salazar after the establishment of the (*) Estado Novo.
portugal
87
This modern country was the final settlement location of the tribe that won the Battle of Adrianople and sacked Rome in 410 under Alaric.
kingdom of spain
88
One monarch from this country perished at the Battle of Three Kings, causing this nation’s native monarchy to end for sixty years.
portugal
89
The Bourla-Papey Uprising protested taxes in this country.
switzerland
90
This country’s Cumann na mBan [koo-mahn nah mahn] paramilitary force included sniper Constance Markievicz, who participated in an attack on Saint Stephen’s Green.
ireland
91
One future leader of this country occupied Boland’s Mill during a revolutionary uprising, and, despite being sentenced to death for that action, was spared due to his American birth.
ireland
92
One king of this country imprisoned his mother, Joanna the Mad, and sponsored Magellan’s circumnavigation of the globe.
kingdom of spain
93
Ongoing disputes involve this European country’s occupancy of Ceuta and Melilla in Africa.
spain
94
The doctrine of Pluri་continental་ism justified the expansion of this country, a colony of which was named for its (*) red wood.
portugal
95
This country tried to snuff out resistance in one of its colonies in Operation Gordian Knot.
portugal
96
The kings of this country traditionally wore a crown with a crooked cross called St Stephen's Crown.
hungary
97
After World War I, this country occupied most of Hungary, removing Bolsheviks from power.
romania
98
One of its kings created a large network of public shelters and communal granaries prior to his death at the hands of the Saadi dynasty at the Battle of Alcacer-Quibir.
portugal
99
Operation Spring Awakening, considered the last major Nazi offensive, took place in this nation, and a revolution in this nation saw the freeing of Cardinal Mindszenty.
hungary
100
One incident in this nation, the "Five Days" of one city, featured people boycotting tobacco in protest of a government monopoly.
italy
101
It was invaded by Sweden in “The (*) Deluge” and passed the May Third Constitution, as well as later in its history, an April Constitution.
poland
102
This country’s Trienio Liberal was ended by an army nicknamed the “hundred thousand sons of Saint Louis,” ten years after its Cortes passed an 1812 Constitution while its King was imprisoned in (*) France.
kingdom of spain
103
The HMS Hereward was boarded by this country's longest-ruling monarch in order to escape from a certain invader's Manstein Plan.
the netherlands
104
This country’s colonial ventures were overseen by companies operated by the 19 Gentlemen and 17 Gentlemen.
the netherlands
105
This island’s highest mountain is Carruntoohil and it is bisected by the River Shannon.
ireland
106
This country was forced to pay reparations to Italy by the League of Nations, despite the fact it was Italy who had invaded this nation’s island of (*) Corfu.
greece
107
In 1867, this country became a kingdom in a dual monarchy with a (*) Habsburg-led empire.
hungary
108
A rebellion in this country was instigated by the actions of a conducator and the occupation of Bessarabia, weakening the legionnaires of the Iron Guard.
romania
109
This country saw Kappel Wars instigated by a dispute with a religious leader from this country who met at the Marburg Colloquy with Martin Luther.
switzerland
110
The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact partitioned this country in half.
poland
111
At the Berlin Conference, this country presented a “Pink Map” depicting its colonial claims.
portugal
112
The Black and Tans formed to fight for this country’s independence, which it gained in a treaty negotiated by Michael Collins.
ireland
113
This country was represented on the world stage by female diplomat Ana Pauker.
romania
114
This nation joined the Warsaw Pact in 1955, but left the alliance in 1956 under Imre {IMM-RAH} Nagy {NAH-GEE}, prompting Soviet intervention.
hungary
115
This country's forces conducted the “March of the Iron Will” to raise morale after they were attacked in the Christmas Offensive during a conflict which began at Walwal.
italy
116
In this country, Cardinal Mindszenty was imprisoned by Matyas Rakosi.
hungary
117
A leader of this country was promised safe haven in the Yugoslav embassy, only to be executed after the temporary resolution of the Tito-Stalin split and his extradition to the Soviet Union.
hungary
118
This country's National Salvation Front took control after a revolution sparked by an uprising in Timisoara.
romania
119
This country’s empire was founded when King John I conquered
portugal
120
The “Three Fs” were a series of tenant-right goals during a period of agrarian reform known as this country’s “Land War.”
ireland
121
This nation’s attempt to build a canal to the Danube utilized forced labor camps.
romania
122
One king of this country was never able to put his Bayonne Statute into full effect, although four years later this country passed a then-groundbreaking constitution that enfranchised all non-Africans.
spain
123
The Adriatic port of Zara futilely asked for this country to protect it during the Fourth Crusade.
hungary
124
"Bandits led by monks" were blamed for a defeat in this country at Bailén, which Chilean soldiers referenced at Maipú.
kingdom of spain
125
A religious tradition in this country involves following a trail marked by scallop insignias to honor this country’s patron saint; that tradition involves believers following a 100-kilometer trail that ends at the burial site of Saint (*) James the Greater in Santiago de Compostela.
kingdom of spain
126
This country received less aid from Sultan Abdulmejid I after diplomats convinced him it was embarrassing another ruler.
ireland
127
This country, which the Jagyellon dynasty unified with Lithuania, underwent three partitions by its neighbors, and a shipyard strike led by Lech Walesa in Gdansk started its anti-Communist Solidarity union.
poland
128
This nation was ruled for 46 years by a monarch known as the Farmer King, Denis.
portugal
129
A historic industry in this nation was damaged in the 1970s by the "quartz crisis".
switzerland
130
To keep a military campaign in this country secret, Glyndwr ("GLEN-dow-ur")
italy
131
The southwest slope of the Pyrenees is in this country, which was unified by a 15th-century marriage between rulers of Aragon and Castile.
kingdom of spain
132
This country's army shot at its AVH secret police in a clash over control of a radio building in its capital.
hungary
133
That man’s son would create the Black Army.
hungary
134
Pope Pius XI issued the encyclical “Dilectissima Nobis” about church persecution in this country.
kingdom of spain
135
A king of this modern-day country who feuded with its National Peasant Party in the 1930s sought to protect it with the so-called “Imaginot (“IMAGINE-oh”) Line.”
romania
136
A namesake corridor was created following post-World War One discussion concerning its restricted access to the sea, and its eastern border was moved to the (*) Oder-Neisse line at the Potsdam Conference in 1945.
poland
137
Under Janos Kadar’s (*) goulash communism, this country achieved some of the goals of an uprising crushed by a Soviet tank invasion, which occurred after Imre Nagy attempted to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact in 1956.
hungary
138
That king’s predecessor was served by the so-called Prince of the Peace before fleeing the country.
spain
139
During one war in this country, Emilio Mola coined the term “fifth column”.
spain
140
This country’s monarch Joseph I suffered from claustrophobia and lived in a tent city following an (*) earthquake that devastated its capital.
portugal
141
A revolution in it began after state forces in this country shot student demonstrators at a radio station.
hungary
142
The invention of the caravel ship made this nation’s exploration of the coast of Africa easier and one explorer from this nation, Bartholomew Dias (BAR-tol-OH-mew DEE-as), rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1488.
portugal
143
A revolt in this modern-day country was organized by the “Society of Friends” and prompted massacres in Constantinople and Smyrna.
greece
144
This nation’s leader Nicolae {NICK-O-LIE} Ceaușescu {CHY-CHES-SKEW} was deposed in 1989, (*) by massive protests that began with a shooting at Timisoara {TEEM-UH-SAH-RAH}.
romania
145
This country contains the most UNESCO World Heritage sites of any other country in the world, at 50.
italy
146
That event, the Khmelnytsky Uprising, enabled an invasion of this country known as the Deluge.
poland
147
One leader of this country stepped down after this nation's Round Table Agreement led to democratic elections.
poland
148
In this country, Prime Minister Sandor Wekerle was forced to resign after the Aster Revolution.
hungary
149
Forces from this country, which weathered the Kappel War, had a notably unimpressive role in the Battle of Pavia, while its most famous military group was first dispatched under Kaspar von Silenen.
switzerland
150
Another ruler of this country was forced to flee after he was defeated at the Battle of Methven.
scotland
151
The “Moscow Gold” referred to gold shipped from this country to the USSR for safekeeping and later used as evidence of Soviet attempts to spread communism abroad.
kingdom of spain
152
This nation was once part of a dual monarchy with its western neighbor, (*) and was led by the controversial Miklos {MEE-CLOSE} Horthy before and during World War II.
hungary
153
Following the Battle of Marignano [“mah-rig-nan-oh”], a treaty signed at Fribourg stipulated one of this country’s diplomatic stances.
switzerland
154
A leader of this country enjoyed demolishing huge swathes of urban areas as part of his North Korea-inspired "systematization" campaign.
romania
155
This country was home to a Masonic lodge called P2, which collaborated with a NATO stay-behind program called Operation Gladio to combat Communist influence.
italy
156
A referendum in this country in 1975 elected not to restore its monarchy.
greece
157
After his service carrying artillery shells in this country, the Syrian brown bear Wojtek
italy
158
The Marquis of Pomba disposed of uppity aristocrats in this country by possibly staging the attempted murder of its King Joseph I in the Tavora Affair.
portugal
159
The Chain Bridge helped unify two cities on opposite sides of the Danube that, in 1873, merged into this country’s capital city.
hungary
160
A ruler from this country’s House of Aviz sponsored voyages to the (*) Azores; that man from this country was Henry the Navigator.
portugal
161
In (*) 1946, this country voted to abolish its monarchy, unseating Umberto II.
italy
162
This country underwent the “clean hands” investigation into political corruption during the 1990s, and one of this nation’s leaders arranged the Historic (*) Compromise before being kidnapped and killed by the Red Brigades.
italy
163
After the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate, the Emirate of Cordoba was established in this modern-day country by Abd al-Rahman.
spain
164
One civil strife in this nation ended with the Convention of Évora-Monte, following the decisive Battle of Asseiceira.
portugal
165
This nation voted in 2009 to ban the construction of minarets.
switzerland
166
Christopher Froschauer sparked outrage by serving sausages during Lent in a city in this country that fought the Kappel Wars.
switzerland
167
Another revolutionary leader in this country organized protests at Frongoch Internment Camp, and also organized an assassination attempt on the Cairo Gang that became known as Bloody (*) Sunday.
ireland
168
Heirs to local leaders in this country were required to attend protestant schools by the Statutes of Iona.
scotland
169
The Treaty of Constantinople set the Arta-Volos line as the northern boundary of this nation, which made large territorial gains in the Treaty of Bucharest.
greece
170
Many Jews in this country were saved by a hospital administrator who made up a highly infectious disease named K Syndrome to keep the Nazis away from them; the “K” may have stood for Herbert Kappler, a German officer who ordered this country’s Ardeatine (“ar-day-ah-TEE-nay”) Massacre.
italy
171
The 23F coup attempted to overthrow the constitutional monarchy in this country.
spain
172
This modern-day country was home to the kingdom of Chindasuinth.
kingdom of spain
173
This country’s poet Gabriele D’Annunzio led an expedition to occupy the Yugoslavian city of Rijeka after the Triple Entente failed to recognize the Treaty of London during negotiations for the Treaty of Versailles.
italy
174
Briefly united by Michael the Brave, some regions of this country were ruled by John Hunyadi and Stephen the Great.
romania
175
This nation’s revolution was started by the Friendly Society under Alexander (*) Ypsilantis; the Siege of Missolonghi and Massacre of Chios inspired support for this nation, and a multi-national fleet defeated the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Navarino, fighting for this nation.
greece
176
A brutal police force here was known as the Black and Tans, and one non-native leader here was Éamon de Valera.
ireland
177
It’s not the United Kingdom, but the throne of this country was offered to the Prussian Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern following its Glorious Revolution.
kingdom of spain
178
This location once contained a foreign-administered region called the Pale.
ireland
179
The All Saints Day earthquake of 1755 occurred in this country, whose Carnation Revolution overthrew Antonio Salazar’s Estado Novo.
portugal
180
On October 28th, this country celebrates Ohi Day, also called the Anniversary of the No, which commemorates this country’s rejection of an ultimatum and subsequent entry into World War Two.
greece
181
A reformer from here argued for a purely symbolic Eucharist at the Marburg Colloquy.
switzerland
182
This country established a federal government after several of its Catholic regions formed the Sonderbund alliance during an 1847 Civil War.
switzerland
183
This region was also the site of the Duke of Cumberland’s victory at (*) Culloden Moor and supplied Bonnie Prince Charlie with his Jacobites.
scotland
184
Stanislaw Poniatowski led the Kościuszko Insurrection in this country which frequently fought the Teutonic Knights.
poland
185
Because it was manufactured by skilled swordsmiths from this present-day country, the gladius was nicknamed the sword of this place.
spain
186
This country supposedly began to use its present name after a battle in which Arnold Winkelried sacrificed himself.
switzerland
187
The ÁVH, or State Protection Authority, acted as the state police of this country.
hungary
188
An explorer native to this country was defeated by Lapu-Lapu at the Battle of (*) Mactan.
portugal
189
[Be-el-den-storm].
kingdom of spain
190
The Redshirts under (*)
italy
191
One famous religious leader helped to found a universal education system for a city in this country in 1535, and a Confederation named after this country was formed at the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
switzerland
192
This country lies at the southern end of the Brenner Pass and contains the Aosta Valley.
italy
193
This nation, first established under the Piast dynasty, once had a three-house parliament that allowed any member to veto a bill, the Sejm.
poland
194
Many of this colony's "Big Houses" were burned during its War of Independence.
ireland
195
This country’s fate was decided in the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, which did not follow the historical Curzon Line.
poland
196
One religious movement in this modern-day country began in a printer’s house during Lent when two sausages were cut up and eaten.
switzerland
197
Henry the Navigator hailed from this country, which signed the Treaty of Tordisillas dividing the New World with its neighbor, Spain.
portugal
198
The Ebro (AY-bro) Valley is in this nation that owns the Balearic (BAH-lee-AH-rick) Islands and the Canary Islands.
kingdom of spain
199
It was originally led by a Bavarian Prince, but a more important monarch, from the House of Glucksburg, was George I.
greece
200
To the northwest of this Island is the smaller island of Achill.
ireland
201
Eamon de Valera served as this country’s first Taoiseach (TEE-shock) and was previously a member of this country’s (*) Sinn Fein (shin fayn) party.
ireland
202
This country’s once dominant pikemen lost the Battle of Marignano to Francis I of France.
switzerland
203
Police forces in this country supposedly gave political dissidents cancer using a weapon called the “Radu gun.”
romania
204
In the 1846 Affair of its Marriages, England and France vied for the daughters of this country’s “Felon King,” Ferdinand VII.
kingdom of spain
205
After the death of Alexander III, this country was politically suppressed by Edward I. With the death of Elizabeth I, the House of Stuart ruled both England and this country, and Robert the Bruce won Bannockburn for its independence, furthering the cause of William Wallace.
scotland
206
During a revolution in this country, it lost the “Blood in the Water” Olympic Water polo match.
hungary
207
An event in this place led to the conversion of “soupers” and was exacerbated by absentee landlords.
ireland
208
A “learning” named for this country took place in Tokugawa Japan, where this country was allowed to trade at the port of Dejima.
the netherlands
209
After this country’s 1848 revolution failed, Lajos Kossuth went into exile in the United States and Franz Joseph I installed military rule.
hungary
210
Other violent times in its history include the assassination attempt on its queen Amalia of Oldenburg, years after this country had witnessed the Don Pacifico Affair, which greatly weakened the standing of its king Otto I.
greece
211
In this kingdom, an aristocrat was accused of murdering more than six hundred girls by Count György Thurzó (“jurg TOOR-zoh”).
hungary
212
Pope Alexander VI affirmed this nation’s land claims in the New World in the papal bull (*) Inter caetera.
kingdom of spain
213
This country controls the Canary Islands and the African city of Ceuta.
kingdom of spain
214
The land owned by rebels in this colony was seized via the terms of the Adventurers' Act.
ireland
215
A dictator of this country came to power after leading a coup against the Smallholder's Party and coined the phrase "salami tactics" for removing opposition.
hungary
216
One person from this country wrote A Memory of Solferino, which led him to help found the “Committee of Five.”
switzerland
217
This country’s Carnation Revolution overthrew dictator Antonio Salazar, whose colonies included Mozambique.
portugal
218
Another general for this country set up the Council of Troubles, also known as the Council of Blood, after being sent to end the (*) Beeldenstorm
kingdom of spain
219
In this country, the Mineriad and Golaniad riots occurred after the overthrow of a ruler who outlawed abortion and contraceptives to encourage “heroine mothers.”
romania
220
This country was defended by leaders like “Good Sir” James Douglas and Andrew de Moray.
scotland
221
It established the Beurs, the world’s oldest stock exchange, in 1602.
the netherlands
222
The Marquess of Pombal designated this country’s Douro region for wine production.
portugal
223
That king’s son and successor had the nickname “little saber” owing to his extremely small stature.
italy
224
This country’s communist leaders include Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej and a man who restricted (*) contraception and abortion with Decree 770.
romania
225
This country’s first prime minister after the fall of communism was Jozsef Antall, and the “salami tactic” was used to eliminate fascists in this nation by Matyas Rakosi.
hungary
226
A king of this country married Madeleine of Valois and Marie of Guise, and died after this country’s loss at the Battle of Solway Moss.
scotland
227
A commander from this country was advised by the privateer Timoji while capturing a city controlled by the Adil Shahi dynasty.
portugal
228
This country’s “Old Confederacy” met its doom at the hands of Napoleon, who instituted the (*) Helvetic Republic.
switzerland
229
This Eastern European nation has made an offer to build a military base for U.S. forces, and jokingly dubbed it, “Fort Trump.”
poland
230
One explorer from this country ordered the Miri to be set on fire, causing the deaths of hundreds of pilgrims.
portugal
231
This nation’s first king was Stephen I of the Arpad dynasty, and short-lived political careers here include those of an 1848 revolutionary with a namesake county in Iowa, Lajos Kossuth, Bela Kun’s (*) pro-Soviet 1919 rule, and the Arrow Cross Movement of fascist Ferenc Szalasi.
hungary
232
This country’s independence was advocated for by the paramilitary IRA.
ireland
233
One revolt here failed to receive a shipment of German rifles; a man who’d previously reported on the Congo Free State, Roger Casement, was kidnapped before that revolt seized its capital city’s General Post Office.
ireland
234
A confederation founded in this nation’s fortress of Bar resisted eastern encroachment.
poland
235
The London Conference of (*) 1832 led to the establishment of this country, following a conflict in which the Ottomans, led by Ibrahim Pasha, were defeated by an alliance of Britain, France, and Russia.
greece
236
Although this nation tried to assert its rights over the colonies delineated on the Pink Map, it yielded to the British Ultimatum.
portugal
237
Miklos Horthy led this nation in World War 2 and Imre Nagy led it during its 1956 revolution.
hungary
238
Ferenc Szalasi led this country’s fascist Arrow Cross party during World War II.
hungary
239
This nation entered World War I on the Allied side but was forced to sign an armistice with the Central Powers after Russia left the war in 1917.
romania
240
An Ottoman import briefly triggered insanely high prices for tulips in this nation, where power rested with the stadtholder.
the netherlands
241
This country was unified by the marriage of (*) Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile.
kingdom of spain
242
Otto I of Bavaria was the first king of this nation, whose independence was formally recognized by the London Protocol.
greece
243
This country’s secret police force, the Securitate, was founded during the tenure of its first communist leader Gheorge Gheorghiu-Dej (“GHE-yor-GE GHE-yor-gi-yoo Dej”).
romania
244
A king of this country, who lost the Battle of Baia to Stephen the Great, placed a raven at the center of his Black Army's flag; that man was Matthias Corvinus.
hungary
245
The destroyer HNS Velos refused to return to this country during a NATO exercise in protest of a right-wing military junta that came to power after a 1967 coup.
greece
246
Augustus the Strong was unable to prevent Charles XII’s invasion of this country in the Great Northern War.
poland
247
In this country, members of the State Security Department, or RVO, were forced to flee during a time spurred by the fall of the “Rákosi-Gero clique.”
hungary
248
During the second of four wars between this country and England, this country’s navy sank 13 English vessels during the Raid on the Medway.
the netherlands
249
The 25th of April bridge in this country was formerly named after a leader of this country and was changed following a revolution in it.
portugal
250
This country established universal male suffrage after its 3 September Revolution in 1843.
greece
251
It was defeated during WWI but subsequently gained Bukovina and Bessarabia.
romania
252
The Nanban Trade Period is characterized by missionaries and traders from this country.
portugal
253
A rebel force in this country won a pivotal victory over General Pierre Dupont at the Battle of Bailen, although it wouldn’t be until (*) Jean-Baptiste Jourdan’s troops were defeated at Vitoria that this country would finally threw off foreign yoke.
spain
254
Pope Pius XI’s encyclical Non abbiamo bisogno criticized this country’s treatment of the Catholic Church, and its government was opposed by the Avanti! Newspaper, run by its socialists.
italy
255
Another leader of this country faced a revolt by the Iron Guard in the Legionnaires’ Rebellion.
romania
256
This country’s Socialist party was headed by the originator of a center-left ideology called Craxism.
italy
257
After just three years of rule, this country’s King Amadeus abdicated and declared it ungovernable.
kingdom of spain
258
An assassination at the White Tower monument killed this nation's longest-serving monarch.
greece
259
This country’s king Charles I secured power through his victory over the Aba clan at the Battle of Rozgony.
hungary
260
One group in this colony was prohibited from owning a horse worth more than five pounds as part of the draconian Penal Laws.
ireland
261
A major event in the unification of this nation was the Expedition of the Thousand, and its first king after unification was Victor Emanuel II.
italy
262
An assembly called the Sejm (same) ruled this country after it was unified with Lithuania in the Union of Lublin.
poland
263
Another king of this country married Mary I of England and sent a large armada to that country to claim the English throne after her death.
kingdom of spain
264
During one crisis in this country, converts to Protestantism were known as “soupers.”
ireland
265
An Auschwitz survivor from this country wrote the memoir (*) If This Is a Man.
italy
266
Nazi (*) Germany invaded this country on September 1st, 1939 to start World War II, and the USSR soon followed.
poland
267
One of its leaders claimed that it was “proudly alone” in resisting decolonization.
portugal
268
Its independence movement originated at Jassy and centered around a secret society formed by Alexander Ypsilanti known as the Friendly Association, or Philike Hetairia.
greece
269
King Leovigild, a ruler in this modern country, tried to convert the population to Arian Christianity, which caused his son Hermenegild to revolt; he also conquered the Suebi and was a Visigoth.
kingdom of spain
270
This Ligurian coast is a popular tourist destination in this country.
italy
271
The Neolithic town of Skara Brae is known as this country’s “Pompeii.”
scotland
272
This nation was victorious at Lepanto and fought Napoleon in the Peninsular War.
kingdom of spain
273
That operation consisted of paratrooper landings at the Maleme (“MAH-lee-may”) airfield in this country, and was the first major invasion to use to use primarily airborne forces.
greece
274
That president had earlier conceded to one organization in the Round Table Agreement.
poland
275
One leader of this country organized the Blue Division, and this was led by Miguel Primo de Rivera and Juan Negrin.
kingdom of spain
276
This country’s capital city endured an (*) earthquake on All Saint’s Day.
portugal
277
One leader of this modern-day nation began the “Small Cultural Revolution” after giving the (*) July Thesis, and was killed in a 1989 uprising after he almost let his country’s people starve to death.
romania
278
One ruler from this nation, Coloman the Book-Lover, declared that witches did not exist, and a general from this nation embarked on the Long Campaign to defeat Murad II.
hungary
279
This country narrowly avoided a diplomatic disaster when Arthur Hoffman resigned after Robert Grimm’s trip to Russia.
switzerland
280
A General (*) Post Office in this country was the central site of its Easter Rising in 1916.
ireland
281
[[ih-"PIE"-russ]].
greece
282
This country was defeated by Otto the Great at the Battle of Lechfeld, and it also saw a 1848 revolution led by Lajos (*) Kossuth.
hungary
283
Schoolmaster Patrick Pearse led a political movement in this country that ended with 16 executions; that was this country’s 1916 Easter Rising.
ireland
284
A terrorist group in this country killed British diplomat Stephen Saunders 12 years after it used a car bomb to assassinate US naval attaché William Nordeen.
greece
285
During the decline of the Nasrid dynasty in (*) Granada, the Alhambra was built in this country.
kingdom of spain
286
In this country, the far-left October 22 Circle attempted to attack a US consulate.
italy
287
In this country, troops ordered to kill “anything that moves” perpetrated the Wola Massacre.
poland
288
[[luh-FEV-ruh]].
kingdom of spain
289
This modern-day country was home to Decebalus, who was defeated by Trajan at Sarmizegetusa.
romania
290
Heinrich Bullinger succeeded one religious leader in this country.
switzerland
291
This country’s king Jan Sobieski broke the Ottoman siege of Vienna in 1683, and later in this nation’s history, the Solidarity union would form under the leadership of Lech Walesa.
poland
292
Conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in this country caused the Battles of Villmergen.
switzerland
293
That “Legion” from this country became known for their trademark red shirts, which they wore during the Expedition of the (*) Thousand.
italy
294
The death of the hideously inbred Charles II ended (*) Hapsburg rule in this country, the site of the three Carlist Wars.
kingdom of spain
295
A series of conventions in this country set protocols for humanitarian treatment and later led to the establishment of the Red Cross.
switzerland
296
A civil war in this country saw the Carlists side the with the Phalange, and one leader of this country suppressed minority languages like Galician and (*) Basque.
kingdom of spain
297
Protests in this country began when police attempted to evict László Tőkés from his flat in (*) Timișoara for criticizing the regime of the constructor of the Palace of the People.
romania
298
At Evora, one ruler of this country, John II, later known as “The Perfect Prince,” executed the Duke of (*) Braganza.
portugal
299
Tenant farmers in this place were helped by the Wyndham Land Purchase Act, which was agitated for by the Land League.
ireland
300
The 4th of August government, more famously referred to as the (*) Metaxas Regime, was the target of of the aforementioned German invasion.
greece
301
A film whose English title is Marianne and Juliane provided a name for an era of turmoil here, during which the leader of its Christian Democracy party was (*) killed and stuffed in a car trunk by the Red Brigades.
italy
302
Following the assassination of Johannes Capodistrias, the London Conference met and confirmed its independence.
greece
303
After World War II, this country regained the Dodecanese Islands, and backed a coup against archbishop Makarios III in an attempt to realize its idea of enosis during its Regime of the (*) Colonels.
greece
304
To protect this country’s capital during the Napoleonic Wars, the Duke of Wellington ordered the construction of the Lines of Torres Vedras.
portugal
305
Its capital, rebuilt by several Braganzan leaders, was destroyed in a 1755 earthquake.
portugal
306
Władysław (“vwah-dih-swaff”) III, king of both Poland and this country, was killed at the Battle of Varna.
hungary
307
The northeastern portion of this Eastern European nation is adjacent to the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad.
poland
308
Michael was dressed as an officer and given false intelligence.
italy
309
1980 protests by the (*) Solidarity labor movement including Lech Walesa took place at this country’s Gdansk Shipyards.
poland
310
The National Salvation Front came to power in this country after a revolution was started by people who were listening to Laszlo Tokes (“las-lo tu-cas”) preach.
romania
311
One festival in this country which partially celebrates Catherine Cheynel, L’Escalade, commemorates a defeat of Charles Emmanuel I. One military leader from this country won the Sonderbund War and later founded an organization with Henry Dunant.
switzerland
312
This nation lost much of its territory in the 1920 Treaty of Trianon and its (*) Arpad Dynasty was established by its first king Stephen the First.
hungary
313
Tyre reportedly had a colony in this country at Gadir, and Tartessos was located here.
kingdom of spain
314
The decline of this country’s manufacturing sector following the discovery of natural gas led to an economic term dubbed this country’s “disease.”
the netherlands
315
In this country, nearly 25,000 children, many of whose parents belonged to the DSE, were placed in "child towns."
greece
316
This country was the last Western republic to allow women to (*) vote, and its “Restoration and Regeneration” period followed the creation of a certain provision in the Congress of Vienna.
switzerland
317
This country’s foreign policy was addressed by the Valladolid debate.
kingdom of spain
318
Charles Mackay described a “mania” in this country where the price of (*) tulips spiked then plunged.
the netherlands
319
The Chanak Crisis followed one defeat of this nation's military, which included a leader who backed EOKA guerrillas.
greece
320
This European nation established a trading post at Macau (mah-COW) in 1557 as part of its development of trade relations with China.
portugal
321
This nation was once occupied by the Ottoman Empire after a 1526 battle of Mohacs {MOE-HAHCH}, but the Holy League was able to push out the Ottomans in 1686.
hungary
322
This country's first prime minister, Count Cavour, made a secret alliance with Napoleon.
italy
323
Ali ibn Yusuf was defeated at the Battle of Ourique by a man from this country who was later crowned Afonso I.
portugal
324
During World War II, the Nazi government exchanged thousands of pounds of gold for currency with this country, which did not give women the right to vote until (*) 1971.
switzerland
325
A 16th century revolt in this nation was spurred by a new king’s reliance on Flemish advisors.
kingdom of spain
326
The Netherlands fought for independence from this country during the Eighty Years War.
kingdom of spain
327
In 1603, this country’s king inherited the English crown on the death of Elizabeth I, becoming James VI of this country and James I of (*) England.
scotland
328
Kurt Student approved Otto Skorzeny’s (“skor-ZEH-nee’s”) glider raid to free a leader of this country.
italy
329
In an earlier battle in this region, Henry de Bohun died after charging the opposing forces alone.
scotland
330
Janos Kadar deposed Imre Nagy [NAJ] in a 1956 Stalin-backed coup here, and this country, the location of the 1526 battle of Mohacs, signed the 1867 Ausgleich.
hungary
331
This country’s Civil War, with pro and anti-Treaty forces, was led on one side by Michael Collins and the other by Éamon (“aymen”) de Valera.
ireland
332
The “Letter of the Six” was written to one leader of this country before he was replaced by the National Salvation Front.
romania
333
A jurist from this country contrasted Portugal’s Mare clausum, or closed seas, policy with this country’s Mare liberum, or free seas, policy.
the netherlands
334
Napoleon established the Helvetic Republic in this country to secure control over the Simplon and Great Saint Bernard passes.
switzerland
335
The banderia were elite heavy cavalry from this country.
hungary
336
A gang in this country threatened to send oil heir
italy
337
The first monarch of this country, whose independence was recognized by Pope Alexander III, defeated his mother at the Battle of Saint Mamede and Ali ibn Yusuf at the Battle of Ourique.
portugal
338
One king of this country ordered the planting of a large pine forest near its city of Leiria.
portugal
339
Despite defeating this nation at the Battle of Metaxas Line, Adolf Hitler commended troops from this country for their bravery.
greece
340
The Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela was killed in a 1066 massacre in here during an overall peaceful period of religious tolerance known as “The Coexistence.”
kingdom of spain
341
Rick Santorum fabricated this nation’s “Don’t euthanize me” bracelets, since, in 2000, it became the first country to legalize euthanasia.
the netherlands
342
Lakes Garda and Como are located in this country, and the Adige flows through its province of South Tyrol.
italy
343
This nation’s final dictator relied on his secret police, the (*) Securitate, to maintain order and repress his enemies.
romania
344
[VOY-tek] lived out his life in Edinburgh Zoo.
italy
345
During a period called the “Tatarjaras” (TA-tar-YA-rosh), this country was constantly raided by Mongols.
hungary
346
The Iron Guard served this country’s Conducător
romania
347
The Long Diet met in this country following the suspension of the Act of Mediation, starting this country’s Restoration Period.
switzerland
348
Royalist forces in this country who supported King George II received US backing in its (*) 1946 to 1949 civil war through the Truman Doctrine.
greece
349
One route in this country, The Pass of the Moor's Sigh, is where its last Muslim ruler crossed into exile.
spain
350
The Methuen treaty obstructed industrialization in this nation.
portugal
351
An invasion of this country dissolved the Free City of Danzig and began on September 1st, 1939.
poland
352
This country was occupied during the Swedish Deluge, and every legislator had veto power in its parliament, or
poland
353
According to Matthew White, a key 1515 defeat in this country’s history was the bloodiest battle from the 16th through the 19th centuries.
switzerland
354
Horia Sima commanded the fascist Iron Guard in this country.
romania
355
Edward Codrington was criticized by the British Admiralty for engaging an Ottoman fleet in an 1827 battle off this country’s coast.
greece
356
Eamon
ireland
357
Soldiers from an alliance in this country defeated Leopold I of Austria and his knights in an ambush at the Battle of Morgarten.
switzerland
358
The Southern Development Fund used by this country’s government in the 1950s created so-called “cathedrals in the desert.”
italy
359
J་P Getty III back in “little bits” if his ransom wasn't paid.
italy
360
[“Kon-du-ka-tor”], Ion Antonescu, who was overthrown by King Michael during World War II.
romania
361
This nation was destroyed after its defeat at the Battle of Mohi, and the Golden Bull of 1222 issued by Andrew II gave its nobles the right to revolt.
hungary
362
Another man from this nation rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1588; that man was Bartolomeu Dias.
portugal
363
252 men drowned in an operation in this country when their gliders were released too early.
italy
364
This country, site of the 1918 Aster Revolution, was briefly led by the Arrow Cross Party in World War II, during which one of its leaders, Miklos Horthy, was the winner of the Battle of the Strait of Otranto.
hungary
365
The “Gregory Clause” forced people in this country to relinquish all but a quarter acre to receive aid.
ireland
366
One leader of its home rule movement, forced to resign after his affair with Kitty O’Shea, was Charles Parnell, and this site of the Easter Rising was once led by Michael Collins of the Sinn Féin party.
ireland
367
The Securitate (“sekuri-tate”) secret police was formed by a leader of this country who issued the July Theses.
romania
368
The Carbonari were a society committed to the creation of this nation and included Giuseppe (*) Mazzini.
italy
369
That king, (*) Phillip II, also became heir to the throne of Portugal during the Iberian Union.
kingdom of spain
370
This European nation’s controversial leader was elected to a third term, and promptly blamed billionaire George Soros for organizing opposition against him.
hungary
371
A soldier in the employ of this country proclaimed himself to be “the Wrath of God, the Prince of Freedom” before being captured and executed.
kingdom of spain
372
The 1830 London Protocol gave power to this country’s first king, Otto of Bavaria.
greece
373
A soldier from this country put the head of King Muqrin on his coat of arms after beheading Muqrin and claiming Bahrain for this nation.
portugal
374
Along with Portugal, this country fought the Reconquista to regain Christian control of the Iberian Peninsula.
kingdom of spain
375
Its union with Lithuania was ended with its three partitions by neighboring powers.
poland
376
One king of this country promoted the Diploma Andreanum, which dealt with the rights of Germans within this state.
hungary
377
Rulers of this country included Matthias Corvinus and John Hunyadi, as well as the Arpad founder of this country, Saint Stephen.
hungary
378
Its oil fields at Ploiesti were often bombed, since they were the Axis’s largest.
romania
379
A military route known as this country’s “road” ran through Savoy and Lorraine in between Milan and Flanders, though France blocked the passage of this country’s general Ambrogio Spinola in 1601.
kingdom of spain
380
The “coal burners” influenced groups that fought for the independence of this country, which was the goal of the (*) Risorgimento (“ree-soar-jee-men-toh”).
italy
381
The Earl of Elgin looted marble (*) sculptures from this country, and the British Museum refuses to repatriate them.
greece
382
One of this country’s colonies declared independence after its monarch gave the Fico Speech.
portugal
383
Ta’ifa kingdoms formed after the 1031 collapse of a polity in this modern country, which was the final home of the (*) Visigoths.
kingdom of spain
384
The St. Pierre Cathedral in this country was frequently used by (*) John Calvin, which helped propagate his thinking during the Reformation.
switzerland
385
Riots in one city in this country were violently put down by General Bava-Beccaris in 1898.
italy
386
An offshoot of an organization based in this country had a symbol merging a crowned eagle with an anchor and was outlawed in 1981.
poland
387
Tourists visit the Costa Brava in its region of Catalonia, which also contains Barcelona.
kingdom of spain
388
“Operation Mincemeat” was a ploy to deceive this country’s leaders about plans for “Operation Husky,” an action overseen in part by Bernard Montgomery that constituted the first attack on this country's native soil during the conflict.
italy
389
Retornados referred to citizens of this country who had to return to it following the downfall of its colonial empire.
portugal
390
Petru Groza forced this country’s King Michael I to abdicate in (*) 1947.
romania
391
It gained regions like Barat at the Paris Peace Conference, an agreement that doubled its territory, This country was swiftly defeated in World War I after breaking a two-year neutrality, and during World War II, the Nazis made heavy use of its Ploiesti oil fields.
romania
392
The motto 'Independence or death!' resulted in the loss of one of this country's colonies after the Cry of Ipiranga.
portugal
393
After it was invaded by Revolutionary French forces, Frédéric-César de La Harpe established a republic in this country.
switzerland
394
The Abraham (*) Lincoln Brigade was a group of American volunteers who fought in this country, which was also the site of the Nazi-sponsored Condor Legion’s most infamous atrocity.
kingdom of spain
395
The arrival of Alexei Orlov in this country sparked a failed revolt that led to this country’s war of independence.
greece
396
This country’s financial innovations included hosting the first publicly traded company and the first (*) stock exchange.
the netherlands
397
One king of this country created a law code that protected Jews and stopped the expansion of the Teutonic Knights; that ruler was named Ladislaw the Elbow-High and belonged to the Piast Dynasty.
poland
398
That election, which the PUWP won, led to the presidency of a man who was later charged with war crimes related to an illegal use of martial law.
poland
399
The War of Sticks led to the collapse of a French sister republic in this country, which replaced this country’s Old Confederacy.
switzerland
400
In this country, the Charge at Krojanty [kro-yan-tee] led to a myth that this country’s army charged horses into (*) tanks.
poland
401
This country’s “Catholic monarchs” conquered the Nasrid kingdom of Granada in 1492 to end the lengthy (*) Reconquista.
spain
402
(*) Batavia was a colonial city founded by this country, which drained lakes on its mainland to create polders.
the netherlands
403
The leggine and partyocracy systems in this country endured thanks to the secret Parliamentary voting clause of its post-war Constitution.
italy
404
That man from this country argued that Christ was not present in the Eucharist at the (*) Marburg Colloquy.
switzerland
405
This country’s church condemned the Remonstrant followers of Jacobus Arminius’s teachings at the Synod of Dort.
the netherlands
406
The Romans knew inhabitants of this present-day country as the “Picti” and called it Caledonia.
scotland
407
Maria II continued reigning as this country’s queen following the War of the Two Brothers.
portugal
408
This nation defeated the British in the Battle of Cartagena de Indias, fought against the Venetians in the War of the League of Cambrai, and lost the Battle of Chacabuco.
kingdom of spain
409
A suspicious plane crash in this country killed the coiner of the term “fifth column.”
kingdom of spain
410
Protestants in this country were killed in the Bann River in the Portadown Massacre, part of the Eleven Years’ War.
ireland
411
It fought against William the Silent in the Eighty Years War, leading to the creation of Belgium.
kingdom of spain
412
A theologian from this country who eventually died in the Kappel Wars debated Martin Luther at the Marburg Colloquy and was named Huldrych (*) Zwingli.
switzerland
413
During the reign of Philip II, poor winds foiled this country’s attempted invasion of England using a namesake“Armada” of ships.
kingdom of spain
414
The Acclamation War in this nation installed John IV as king.
portugal
415
Sejm [SEY-m].
poland
416
Posters showing the star of High Noon, Gary Cooper, were distributed throughout this country in one election.
poland
417
In one battle fought in this region, George Murray ambushed the forces of John Cope at Prestonpans.
scotland
418
One man from this country, Alfonso de Albuquerque, captured Goa and Malacca and made peace with the Zamorin of Calicut.
portugal
419
A writer from this modern day country was imprisoned for four years for translating the Song of Songs.
kingdom of spain
420
Marie, this country’s “wartime queen,” secured generous terms at Versailles and restored its Bran Castle.
romania
421
One symbol of a 1956 revolution in this country was its flag with a hole cut out of the middle; after that revolution failed it was led by János Kadar (YAH-nosh KAH-dar), a proponent of "goulash communism", named for a popular national dish.
hungary
422
Soldiers from this present-day country were handily defeated at the Battle of Marignano; that loss ended the supremacy of this country's military established by fourteenth-century victories at Sempach and Morgarten after the formation of the (*) Everlasting League.
switzerland
423
This home of the Piast dynasty established the principle of liberum veto for all its legislators.
poland
424
This country’s Manifesto of the Fascist Struggle was written by the leaders of its National Syndicate and (*) Futurist movements.
italy
425
Isaac Butt supported the independence of this country, for which Walter Long was Chief Secretary.
ireland
426
The London Conference of 1832 moved this nation’s capital from Nafplio and established the Bavarian prince Otto as its king.
greece
427
That confederation was founded in 1291 by Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden.
switzerland
428
According to legend, this country’s first ruler was descended from a magical falcon called the Turul Bird.
hungary
429
One “Legion” from this modern-day country which fought in the Uruguayan Civil War adopted a black flag with a volcano at the center.
italy
430
This country, which did not grant suffrage to women until 1971, has (*) Romansh as one of its four official languages.
switzerland
431
This country gained power over one territory by overthrowing the Jaffna Kingdom.
portugal
432
The London Conference met after its first president, John Capodistria, was assassinated.
greece
433
King Victor Emmanuel III failed to stop this country's "Blackshirts" from marching on its capital.
italy
434
This country had its eastern border set at the Curzon Line during the Yalta Conference.
poland
435
The Caledonians and Picts were ancient peoples who lived in this country, and it was a member of the Auld Alliance with France.
scotland
436
During a series of wars between Protestants and Catholics in this country named for the Kappel monastery, Huldrych (*) Zwingli was killed.
switzerland
437
The Carlist Wars were fought in this country, and attempted to elevate Prince Carlos over Queen Isabella II.
kingdom of spain
438
On September 1, 1939, an (*) invasion of this country by the Nazis formally began World War II.
poland
439
The Armistice of Focșani withdrew this nation from World War I, and the US Army Air Forces bombed this nation’s Ploiești oil refineries in Operation Tidal Wave.
romania
440
The Revolutionary Dáil (“doyle”) was based in this country, whose independence war included one force led by Henry Hugh Tudor, the (*) Black and Tans.
ireland
441
This country was led in its wars of independence in the 13th and 14th centuries by William Wallace and Robert the Bruce.
scotland
442
This country was partitioned three separate times during the 19th century, and was the largest country divided by the secret Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.
poland
443
In this country, four girls claimed to see apparitions of the Virgin Mary and Saint Michael at Garabandal.
kingdom of spain
444
After being arrested during a church service in this country, Michael Servetus was executed for heresy.
switzerland
445
During this country’s war for independence, its city of (*) Breda was besieged and captured.
the netherlands
446
The Black Army, a standing army in this country, was established by its king Matthias Corvinus.
hungary
447
A heroine from this country arrived with a basket of apples and manned a cannon to defy the forces of Charles Lefebvre
kingdom of spain
448
Andre Massena’s invasion of this country during the Napoleonic Wars was thwarted by the Lines of Torres Vedras.
portugal
449
This nation’s Grand Duke Henry the Bearded was succeeded by Henry the Pious, and the baptism of Mieszko I begins its history.
poland
450
At the battle of Marignano, Francis I of France defeated a mercenary army of this country’s (*) pikemen.
switzerland
451
This country once formed a dual monarchy with (*) Austria, its western neighbor.
hungary
452
Oxfam was founded to alleviate a famine in this country.
greece
453
The Carnation Revolution overthrew a dictator of this country who had instituted the Estado Novo; that man was Antonio Salazar.
portugal
454
The Eleven Years’ War was part of this nation’s Confederate Wars, and it was oppressed by police called the Black and Tans.
ireland
455
In the 1960s, it was home to radical groups like the Metropolitan Indians and Worker Autonomy.
italy
456
Sweden's Raoul Wallenberg worked with Carl Lutz to issue thousands of passports to Jews in this country.
hungary
457
A spy from this country known as "the girl with the red hair" and "Hannie" carried out assassinations for a group in this country that also organized the February Strike.
the netherlands
458
It was also the first to legalize same-sex marriage.
the netherlands
459
A folk hero from this country shot an apple off his son’s head while uniting its cantons in a confederacy independent of Austria.
switzerland
460
Some sources claim that nearly all landowners in this country invested in the Darién scheme, its plan to establish a colony in present-day Panama.
scotland
461
That general’s son was victorious at the Battle of Breadfield against the Ottomans while leading this country’s (*) Black Army.
hungary
462
It’s not Prussia, but in the War of the Spanish Succession, this country first allied with France but later joined the Grand Alliance after a victory at Vigo Bay.
portugal
463
In this modern-day country, the 722 Battle of Covadonga sparked a centuries-long war against Islamic forces.
kingdom of spain
464
This nation temporarily had a female dictator, Ana Pauker, who led its Communist Party after World War II.
romania
465
A movement based in this country criticized its ZOMO police force and distributed the pamphlet, “Theses on Hope and Hopelessness.”
poland
466
This country’s capital was relocated to a city later given an epithet meaning “of heroism” after reactionary forces took over its capital during the Liberal War.
portugal
467
This country's (*) fascist leader Benito Mussolini signed a "Pact of Steel" with Adolf Hitler.
italy
468
This nation was ruled by the Szlachta, and it signed the Union of Lublin, which introduced an elected monarchy.
poland
469
Gaining independence after the (*) Russo-Turkish War of 1878 under King Carol I, this country saw one long-time ruler begin a small cultural revolution with the July Theses and establish a police force called the Securitate.; that man ruled from 1965 until 1989, when he was executed along with his wife Elena.
romania
470
Nazi Germany operated two of the largest concentration camps, Treblinka and Auschwitz, in this modern-day country.
poland
471
A 1923 law in this country allocated two-thirds of parliamentary seats to the party winning a plurality in its 1924 election.
italy
472
A number of this country’s military officers were jailed in a coup called the Aspida affair, part of a time of political crisis sometimes known as the "July events".
greece
473
Hardliners re-asserted control under Janos Kadar, and Pal Maleter and Imre Nagy [NAZH] were executed.
hungary
474
The assassination of one king from this nation by an anarchist served as the inspiration for Leon Czolgosz’s (“CHO-goss”) killing of President McKinley.
italy
475
This country’s national borders were effectively reduced by an order from French general Ferdinand Vix.
hungary
476
One of this nation's Prime Ministers overthrew its second king during the Goudi coup.
greece
477
The largest active volcano in Europe is located in this nation; that volcano is Mt. Etna.
italy
478
This country gained control of Guinea but failed to support Joanna la Beltraneja in the War of the Castillian Succession.
portugal
479
Its king Louis II was killed during this nation’s defeat at the 1526 Battle of Mohacs.
hungary
480
This nation was conquered after Louis II was killed in battle at Mohacs, where the Arpad dynasty once ruled.
hungary
481
That siege took place during this modern-day country’s Nine Years War.
ireland
482
This nation defeated Nikola Ivanov at Kilkis.
greece
